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− | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | + | ==EXECUTIVE SUMMARY== |
| + | An analysis of the development of national adaptation programmes of action on climate change (NAPA) in the least developed countries (LDC) illustrates that NAPAs are beset by difficulties, during both formulation and implementation: |
| + | * delays in their formulation; |
| + | * failure to take due account of climate change in development > policies and strategies; |
| + | * insufficient funding during implementation. |
| | | |
− | An analysis of the development of national adaptation programmes of
| + | However, adaptation to climate change is no longer a choice; it is the only option in the quest for sustainable development and a process which effectively includes all stakeholders needs to be set in motion in order to address the root causes of climate change. Burkina Faso has an advantage over many other LDC, in that its NAPA, adopted in 2007, has been implemented under three projects with technical and financial support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Kingdom of Denmark, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and Japan. It capitalised on that advantage and put it to good use when the national climate change adaptation programme (NAP) was formulated, by applying the exerptise from NAPA projects. |
− | action on climate change (NAPA) in the least developed countries (LDC)
| |
− | illustrates that NAPAs are beset by difficulties, during both
| |
− | formulation and implementation:
| |
| | | |
− | - delays in their formulation;
| + | Generally speaking, NAPA have been unable to convince backers to finance them. There is clearly an urgent need at present to adopt a new programming framework (NAP) in addition to the NAPA already adopted to respond to the need for urgent adaptation. This new vision adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has the advantage of ensuring that better account is taken of climate change in development policies and strategies and of bringing backers on board who fund climate change adaptation. In other words, in theory an NAP has a better chance of being funded and thus implemented than an NAPA. |
| | | |
− | - failure to take due account of climate change in development
| + | The objectives of an NAP are to (i) reduce vulnerability to the impact of climate change by developing adaptation and resilience capabilities; (ii) facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation into new or existing policies, programmes or activities and in specific development planning processes and strategies in pertinent sectors and at various levels in a coherent manner. |
− | > policies and strategies;
| |
| | | |
− | - insufficient funding during implementation.
| + | It ultimately results in a reference document containing practical information with a view to helping to: |
| | | |
− | However, adaptation to climate change is no longer a choice; it is the
| + | * reduce the vulnerability of natural, social and economic systems to climate change; |
− | only option in the quest for sustainable development and a process which
| + | * integrate climate change adaptation into current or future development policies and strategies. |
− | effectively includes all stakeholders needs to be set in motion in order
| |
− | to address the root causes of climate change.
| |
| | | |
− | Burkina Faso has an advantage over many other LDC, in that its NAPA,
| + | The vision of the Burkina Faso NAP reads as follows: "Burkina Faso intends to manage its economic and social development more efficiently by implementing planning mechanisms and measures taking account of resilience and adaptation to climate change between now and 2050". |
− | adopted in 2007, has been implemented under three projects with
| |
− | technical and financial support from the United Nations Development
| |
− | Programme (UNDP), the Kingdom of Denmark, the Global Environment
| |
− | Facility (GEF) and Japan. It capitalised on that advantage and put it to
| |
− | good use when the national climate change adaptation programme (NAP) was
| |
− | formulated, by applying the acquis from NAPA projects.
| |
− | | |
− | Generally speaking, NAPA have been unable to convince backers to finance
| |
− | them. There is clearly an urgent need at present to adopt a new
| |
− | programming framework (NAP) in addition to the NAPA already adopted to
| |
− | respond to the need for urgent adaptation. This new vision adopted under
| |
− | the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has the
| |
− | advantage of ensuring that better account is taken of climate change in
| |
− | development policies and strategies and of bringing backers on board who
| |
− | fund climate change adaptation. In other words, in theory an NAP has a
| |
− | better chance of being funded and thus implemented than an NAPA.
| |
− | | |
− | The objectives of an NAP are to (i) reduce vulnerability to the impact
| |
− | of climate change by developing adaptation and resilience capabilities;
| |
− | (ii) facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation into new or
| |
− | existing policies, programmes or activities and in specific development
| |
− | planning processes and strategies in pertinent sectors and at various
| |
− | levels in a coherent manner.
| |
− | | |
− | It ultimately results in a reference document containing practical
| |
− | information with a view to helping to:
| |
− | | |
− | - reduce the vulnerability of natural, social and economic systems to
| |
− | climate change;
| |
− | | |
− | - integrate climate change adaptation into current or future
| |
− | development policies and strategies.
| |
− | | |
− | The vision of the Burkina Faso NAP reads as follows: **\"Burkina Faso | |
− | intends to manage its economic and social development more efficiently | |
− | by implementing planning mechanisms and measures taking account of | |
− | resilience and adaptation to climate change between now and 2050**\". | |
| | | |
| The long-term adaptation objectives based on that vision are to: | | The long-term adaptation objectives based on that vision are to: |
| | | |
− | - protect accelerated growth pillars;
| + | * protect accelerated growth pillars; |
− | | + | * ensure sustainable food and nutrition security; |
− | - ensure sustainable food and nutrition security;
| + | * preserve water resources and improve access to sanitation; |
− | | + | * protect persons and goods from extreme climate events and natural disasters; |
− | - preserve water resources and improve access to sanitation;
| + | * protect and improve the functioning of natural ecosystems; |
− | | + | * protect and improve public health. |
− | - protect persons and goods from extreme climate events and natural
| |
− | disasters;
| |
| | | |
− | - protect and improve the functioning of natural ecosystems;
| + | The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted decision 5/CP.17 on national adaptation plans (NAP) at its 17th session held in Durban (South Africa) on 11 December 2011 in order to help LDC take better account of climate change in their development policies and strategies.Burkina Faso decided to prepare an NAP in response to that decision. In order to do so, a multidisciplinary team of experts with expertise in the following sectors was set up at national level to formulate the NAP: (i) agriculture; (ii) animal production; (iii) environment and natural resources; (iv) meteorology; (v) energy; (vi) health; (vii) infrastructure and housing; (viii) women's associations; (ix) civil society organisations. The team of experts is listed in the annex. In order to take account of water security, the NAP took account of the written input received from the Global Water Partnership West Africa and the Burkina National Water Partnership, both of which offered to help with national coordination of NAPA projects by providing a water consultant and cofinancing workshops with stakeholders. |
| | | |
− | - protect and improve public health.
| |
| | | |
− | The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention | + | The NAP was formulated with very close attention to institutional, technical and financial aspects. The Mathematical Equation Analysis Laboratory (LAME) of the University of Ouagadougou (UO), with support from the NAPA-BKF-UNDP/Japan project entitled 'Improving capacities to take better account of climate change-related concerns during the preparation and implementation of development plans, programmes and projects', prepared climate forecasts for Burkina Faso up to 2100 and evaluated the vulnerability of various development sectors. The Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development set up a technical committee to monitor formulation of the NAP through the Permanent Secretariat of the National Council for the Environment and Sustainable Development (PS/CONEDD). |
− | on Climate Change adopted decision 5/CP.17 on national adaptation plans
| |
− | (NAP) at its 17th session held in Durban (South Africa) on | |
− | 11 December 2011 in order to help LDC take better account of climate
| |
− | change in their development policies and strategies. | |
| | | |
− | Burkina Faso decided to prepare an NAP in response to that decision. In
| |
− | order to do so, a multidisciplinary team of experts with expertise in
| |
− | the following sectors was set up at national level to formulate the NAP:
| |
− | (i) agriculture; (ii) animal production; (iii) environment and natural
| |
− | resources; (iv) meteorology; (v) energy; (vi) health; (vii)
| |
− | infrastructure and housing; (viii) women\'s associations; (ix) civil
| |
− | society organisations. The team of experts is listed in the annex. In
| |
− | order to take account of water security, the NAP took account of the
| |
− | written input received from the Global Water Partnership West Africa and
| |
− | the Burkina National Water Partnership, both of which offered to help
| |
− | with national coordination of NAPA projects by providing a water
| |
− | consultant and cofinancing workshops with stakeholders.
| |
| | | |
− | The NAP was formulated with very close attention to institutional, | + | The following were established in detail for each development sector: (i) structural vulnerability; (ii) priority adaptation sectors; (iii) court-, medium- and long-term adaptation measures; (iv) a five-year adaptation action plan; (v) the cost of adaptation measures over a period of between 1 and 15 years. |
− | technical and financial aspects. The Mathematical Equation Analysis
| |
− | Laboratory (LAME) of the University of Ouagadougou (UO), with support
| |
− | from the NAPA-BKF-UNDP/Japan project entitled \'**Improving capacities
| |
− | to take better account of climate change-related concerns during the
| |
− | preparation and implementation of development plans, programmes and
| |
− | projects**\', prepared climate forecasts for Burkina Faso up to 2100 and
| |
− | evaluated the vulnerability of various development sectors. The Ministry
| |
− | of Environment and Sustainable Development set up a technical committee
| |
− | to monitor formulation of the NAP through the Permanent Secretariat of
| |
− | the National Council for the Environment and Sustainable Development
| |
− | (PS/CONEDD).
| |
| | | |
− | The following were established in detail for each development sector: | + | The Burkina Faso NAP comprises (i) adaptation plans for each development sector and (ii) a global adaptation plan for the entire country. The action plans for the various sectors are summarised below: |
− | (i) structural vulnerability; (ii) priority adaptation sectors; (iii)
| |
− | court-, medium- and long-term adaptation measures; (iv) a five-year
| |
− | adaptation action plan; (v) the cost of adaptation measures over | |
− | a period of between 1 and 15 years.
| |
| | | |
− | The Burkina Faso NAP comprises (i) adaptation plans for each development
| |
− | sector and (ii) a global adaptation plan for the entire country. The
| |
− | action plans for the various sectors are summarised below:
| |
| | | |
| The objectives of the action plan for each sector are as follows: | | The objectives of the action plan for each sector are as follows: |
| + | {| class="wikitable" |
| + | |- |
| + | ||'''Development sector''' |
| + | ||'''Specific objectives of action plan''' |
| + | |- |
| + | ||'''Agriculture''' |
| + | ||SO 1: Recuperate and restore the fertility of degraded land |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | **Development sector** **Specific objectives of action plan**
| |
− | --------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
− | **Agriculture**
| |
− | SO 1: Recuperate and restore the fertility of degraded land
| |
− | SO 2: Improve access for farmers to high quality agricultural production factors (equipment, inputs, land, results of agricultural research etc.)
| |
− | SO 3: Improve the resilience of stakeholders to climate change
| |
− | SO 4: Develop early warning systems to ensure efficient management of climate variability and change
| |
− | **Animal production**
| |
− | SO 1: Improve the security of pastoral activities through better dissemination and exploitation of information on pastoral resources and associated access.
| |
− | SO 2: Ensure the security of animal capital with a view to supporting the pastoral economy on a sustainable basis and improve the resilience of stakeholders in order to achieve sustainable food security in Burkina Faso
| |
− | SO 3: Reduce the vulnerability of farmers to climate change and contribute to local economic development
| |
− | **Environment and natural resources**
| |
− | SO 1: Increase productivity and the resilience of ecosystems
| |
− | SO 2: Improve biodiversity conservation
| |
− | SO 3: Improve research and ecological monitoring
| |
− | SO 4: Reduce GG emissions
| |
− | **Energy**
| |
− | SO 1: Reduce the impact of climate change on the energy sector
| |
− | SO 2: Ensure a sustainable supply of energy for cooking
| |
− | SO 3: Reduce electricity consumption
| |
− | SO 4: Gain more knowledge into the impact of climate change on the energy sector
| |
− | **Health**
| |
− | SO 1: Ensure leadership and governance in terms of adapting to the impacts of climate change on the health sector
| |
− | SO 2: Increase human resources in the health sector skilled in adapting to the effects of climate change
| |
− | SO 3: Improve the early warning system and the response to climate change-related phenomena
| |
− | SO 4: Adapt health infrastructure to the effects of climate change
| |
− | SO 5: Improve research in the field of climate change
| |
− | **Infrastructure and housing**
| |
− | OS 1: **Promote access to decent accommodation for disadvantaged social groups** by providing rental accommodation, supporting DIY construction and building social housing stock
| |
− | SO 2: Provide public facilities and road, water and rain and waste-water drainage infrastructure which is practical and resilient through good design/implementation and good maintenance
| |
− | OS 3:Turn the towns of Burkina Faso into hubs of economic growth and sustainable development by promoting a green economy
| |
− | **Horizontal issues**
| |
− | SO 1: Help to improve mastery of environmental problems and climate change by members of women\'s associations
| |
− | SO 2: Help to improve the resilience of members of women\'s associations by implementing revenue-generating activities
| |
− | SO 3: Develop adaptation technologies which take account of the conditions in women\'s associations on the basis of traditional knowledge
| |
− | SO 4: Improve the contribution of NGOs to better governance in implementing the NAP/CC in Burkina Faso
| |
− | SO 5: Ensure the sustainability of civil society initiatives in climate change adaptation
| |
− | SO 6: Help to improve public involvement in the process of reflection, analysis and decision-making in connection with climate change adaptation by producing, disseminating and making efficient use of information originating from innovative CSO experiences.
| |
− | SO 7:Improve the mobilisation and exploitation of water resources* *
| |
− | SO 8: Improve conservation and protection of water resources
| |
− | SO 9: Improve knowledge about (surface and, more importantly, underground) water resources in the context of climate change
| |
− | SO 10: Improve access to sanitation
| |
| | | |
− | The global NAP for the country as a whole can be summarised as follows:
| + | ||SO 2: Improve access for farmers to high quality agricultural production factors (equipment, inputs, land, results of agricultural research etc.) |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **SHORT-, MEDIUM- | **ADAPTATION | **SHORT-, MEDIUM- OR |
| |
− | | AND LONG-TERM | MEASURES** | LONG-TERM** |
| |
− | | ADAPTATION | | |
| |
− | | OBJECTIVES** | | |
| |
− | +======================+======================+======================+
| |
− | | **Protect | | |
| |
− | | accelerated growth | | |
| |
− | | pillars:** | | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **Agriculture** | - Cultivate early | Short-term |
| |
− | | | varieties or | |
| |
− | | | | Short-term |
| |
− | | | drought-resistant | |
| |
− | | | crops | Medium term |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Apply water and | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | soil | |
| |
− | | | conservation | Long-term |
| |
− | | | methods (stone | |
| |
− | | | barriers, small | |
| |
− | | | dikes, filtering | |
| |
− | | | dikes, terraces, | |
| |
− | | | half moons, | |
| |
− | | | agroforestry, | |
| |
− | | | dune fixing | |
| |
− | | | etc.) | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Promote | |
| |
− | | | sustainable land | |
| |
− | | | management (SLM) | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Improve access | |
| |
− | | | to climate | |
| |
− | | | information | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Introduce | |
| |
− | | | agricultural | |
| |
− | | | insurance | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **Livestock | - Fight bush fires | Short-term |
| |
− | | farming** | in order to | |
| |
− | | | prevent | Short-term |
| |
− | | | destruction of | |
| |
− | | | dry-season | Long-term |
| |
− | | | grazing reserves | |
| |
− | | | | Long-term |
| |
− | | | - Adopt best | |
| |
− | | | animal husbandry | Long-term |
| |
− | | | and pastoral | |
| |
− | | | practices | |
| |
− | | | (pastoral | |
| |
− | | | hydraulics, | |
| |
− | | | pastoral | |
| |
− | | | resource | |
| |
− | | | management, | |
| |
− | | | pasture mowing | |
| |
− | | | and | |
| |
− | | | conservation, | |
| |
− | | | pasture crops, | |
| |
− | | | silage, animal | |
| |
− | | | mobility and | |
| |
− | | | transhumance | |
| |
− | | | etc.) | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Ensure | |
| |
− | | | stakeholders | |
| |
− | | | take account of | |
| |
− | | | climate | |
| |
− | | | variability in | |
| |
− | | | development | |
| |
− | | | project and | |
| |
− | | | programme | |
| |
− | | | planning by | |
| |
− | | | improving their | |
| |
− | | | skills | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Preserve cattle | |
| |
− | | | breeding at | |
| |
− | | | serious risk | |
| |
− | | | from climate | |
| |
− | | | variability | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Ensure farmers | |
| |
− | | | adopt animal | |
| |
− | | | production | |
| |
− | | | methods adapted | |
| |
− | | | to a hot climate | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **Forestry** | - Adopt best | Short-term |
| |
− | | | forestry and | |
| |
− | | | agroforestry | Long-term |
| |
− | | | practices | |
| |
− | | | (selective | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | felling for | |
| |
− | | | firewood, | |
| |
− | | | natural assisted | |
| |
− | | | regeneration, | |
| |
− | | | controlled land | |
| |
− | | | clearance etc.) | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Introduce | |
| |
− | | | community and | |
| |
− | | | participative | |
| |
− | | | management of | |
| |
− | | | forestry and | |
| |
− | | | fauna resources | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Increase | |
| |
− | | | sustainable | |
| |
− | | | exploitation of | |
| |
− | | | non-timber | |
| |
− | | | forest products | |
| |
− | | | (NTFP) | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **Energy** | - Diversify energy | Long-term |
| |
− | | | sources (solar, | |
| |
− | | | wind, biogas) | Long-term |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Introduce water | Long-term |
| |
− | | | planning and | |
| |
− | | | management plans | Short-term |
| |
− | | | in Sudanian zone | |
| |
− | | | where climate | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | forecasts | |
| |
− | | | predict a slight | |
| |
− | | | increase in | |
| |
− | | | rainfall | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Promote | |
| |
− | | | energy-saving | |
| |
− | | | technologies in | |
| |
− | | | industry and | |
| |
− | | | construction | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Promote the use | |
| |
− | | | of improved | |
| |
− | | | fireplaces to | |
| |
− | | | achieve a | |
| |
− | | | substantial | |
| |
− | | | reduction in | |
| |
− | | | consumption of | |
| |
− | | | wood and | |
| |
− | | | charcoal | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Promote | |
| |
− | | | alternative | |
| |
− | | | energies such as | |
| |
− | | | butane and | |
| |
− | | | biogas | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **Infrastructure** | - Adhere strictly | Short-term |
| |
− | | | to dam and | |
| |
− | | | hydraulic | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | structure, | |
| |
− | | | | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | hydro-agricultural | |
| |
− | | | development and | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | housing | |
| |
− | | | construction | Long-term |
| |
− | | | standards | |
| |
− | | | | Short-term |
| |
− | | | - Update dam and | |
| |
− | | | hydraulic | Long-term |
| |
− | | | structure, | |
| |
− | | | | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | hydro-agricultural | |
| |
− | | | development and | |
| |
− | | | housing | |
| |
− | | | construction | |
| |
− | | | standards | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Decontaminate | |
| |
− | | | and drain flood | |
| |
− | | | zones | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Preserve water | |
| |
− | | | resources and | |
| |
− | | | improve access | |
| |
− | | | to sanitation | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Pass and enforce | |
| |
− | | | laws and | |
| |
− | | | regulations, | |
| |
− | | | where | |
| |
− | | | applicable, | |
| |
− | | | on (i) | |
| |
− | | | construction of | |
| |
− | | | hydraulic, road | |
| |
− | | | and settlement | |
| |
− | | | i | |
| |
− | | | nfrastructures; (ii) | |
| |
− | | | space occupancy | |
| |
− | | | in urban and | |
| |
− | | | rural | |
| |
− | | | environments, | |
| |
− | | | especially of | |
| |
− | | | flood | |
| |
− | | | zones; (iii) | |
| |
− | | | mining | |
| |
− | | | activities (gold | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | prospecting); (iv) | |
| |
− | | | industrial | |
| |
− | | | activities | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Relocate | |
| |
− | | | populations in | |
| |
− | | | submersible and | |
| |
− | | | floodable zones | |
| |
− | | | to appropriate | |
| |
− | | | zones | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Promote | |
| |
− | | | ecological | |
| |
− | | | housing and | |
| |
− | | | towns with low | |
| |
− | | | energy | |
| |
− | | | consumption (for | |
| |
− | | | air-conditioning | |
| |
− | | | and lighting) | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Promote and | |
| |
− | | | exploit local | |
| |
− | | | construction | |
| |
− | | | materials | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **Ensure sustainable | - Increase | Medium-term |
| |
− | | food and nutrition | resilience of | |
| |
− | | security** | vulnerable | Long-term |
| |
− | | | communities and | |
| |
− | | | households to | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | food and | |
| |
− | | | nutrition | Short-term |
| |
− | | | insecurity by | |
| |
− | | | improving their | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | livelihood | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Achieve a | |
| |
− | | | structural and | |
| |
− | | | sustainable | |
| |
− | | | reduction in | |
| |
− | | | food and | |
| |
− | | | nutrition | |
| |
− | | | vulnerability of | |
| |
− | | | vulnerable | |
| |
− | | | communities and | |
| |
− | | | households | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Improve social | |
| |
− | | | protection of | |
| |
− | | | vulnerable | |
| |
− | | | communities and | |
| |
− | | | households in | |
| |
− | | | order to secure | |
| |
− | | | their livelihood | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Capitalise on | |
| |
− | | | and share | |
| |
− | | | innovations and | |
| |
− | | | best practices | |
| |
− | | | to support food | |
| |
− | | | and nutrition | |
| |
− | | | security | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Make increased | |
| |
− | | | use of | |
| |
− | | | non-timber | |
| |
− | | | forest products | |
| |
− | | | as food | |
| |
− | | | supplements | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **Preserve water | - Monitor water | Short-term |
| |
− | | resources and | retention (dam | |
| |
− | | improve access to | dikes, water | Long-term |
| |
− | | sanitation** | flow, valve | |
| |
− | | | functioning etc) | Long-term |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Provide water | Short-term |
| |
− | | | storage: | |
| |
− | | | construct modern | Short-term |
| |
− | | | wells, high-flow | |
| |
− | | | boreholes, dams; | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | develop ponds; | |
| |
− | | | divert water | |
| |
− | | | courses). | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Combat silting | |
| |
− | | | of water bodies | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Develop | |
| |
− | | | integrated water | |
| |
− | | | resources | |
| |
− | | | management | |
| |
− | | | (IWRM) | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Formulate water | |
| |
− | | | planning and | |
| |
− | | | management | |
| |
− | | | master plans | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Use appropriate | |
| |
− | | | technologies to | |
| |
− | | | reduce poor | |
| |
− | | | access for women | |
| |
− | | | to drinking | |
| |
− | | | water in the dry | |
| |
− | | | season | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **Protect persons | - Take account of | Short-term |
| |
− | | and goods | resilience in | |
| |
− | | from extreme climate | development | Medium-term |
| |
− | | events and natural | projects and | |
| |
− | | disasters** | programmes | Long-term |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Formulate | Short-term |
| |
− | | | contingency | |
| |
− | | | plans at | Short-term |
| |
− | | | regional and | |
| |
− | | | local level and | |
| |
− | | | plans to support | |
| |
− | | | vulnerable | |
| |
− | | | populations | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Provide | |
| |
− | | | sustainable | |
| |
− | | | financing for | |
| |
− | | | disaster and | |
| |
− | | | humanitarian | |
| |
− | | | crisis | |
| |
− | | | prevention and | |
| |
− | | | management by | |
| |
− | | | formulating and | |
| |
− | | | implementing an | |
| |
− | | | appropriate | |
| |
− | | | financing | |
| |
− | | | strategy | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Improve women\'s | |
| |
− | | | skills by | |
| |
− | | | disseminating | |
| |
− | | | best climate | |
| |
− | | | change | |
| |
− | | | adaptation | |
| |
− | | | practices | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Use social | |
| |
− | | | safety nets for | |
| |
− | | | vulnerable | |
| |
− | | | populations | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **Protect and | - Develop | Medium-term |
| |
− | | improve the | environmental | |
| |
− | | functioning of | education in | Long-term |
| |
− | | natural ecosystems** | both formal and | |
| |
− | | | non-formal | Short-term |
| |
− | | | education | |
| |
− | | | systems | Long-term |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Implement | |
| |
− | | | reforestation | |
| |
− | | | projects and | |
| |
− | | | programmes using | |
| |
− | | | local species | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Disseminate | |
| |
− | | | anti-erosion | |
| |
− | | | techniques | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Rehabilitate and | |
| |
− | | | preserve | |
| |
− | | | wetlands | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **Protect and | ***Meningitis***: | Short-term |
| |
− | | improve public | | |
| |
− | | health** | - Vaccine before | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | first cases are | |
| |
− | | | reported | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Organise | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | reactive | |
| |
− | | | campaigns which | Short-term |
| |
− | | | target the | |
| |
− | | | entire | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | population in | |
| |
− | | | epidemic zones | Medium-term |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Increase | Long-term |
| |
− | | | meningitis | |
| |
− | | | monitoring using | |
| |
− | | | the geographical | |
| |
− | | | information | |
| |
− | | | system | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Step up public | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | awareness-raising | |
| |
− | | | and information | |
| |
− | | | campaigns | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | ***Malaria:*** | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Provide proper | |
| |
− | | | treatment in all | |
| |
− | | | cases of simple | |
| |
− | | | malaria using | |
| |
− | | | ACT | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Provide | |
| |
− | | | intermittent | |
| |
− | | | preventive | |
| |
− | | | treatment of | |
| |
− | | | malaria using | |
| |
− | | | ITP for pregnant | |
| |
− | | | women and | |
| |
− | | | children and | |
| |
− | | | distribute | |
| |
− | | | long-lasting | |
| |
− | | | insecticidal | |
| |
− | | | nets (LLIN) in | |
| |
− | | | routine mass | |
| |
− | | | campaigns | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Decontaminate | |
| |
− | | | swampy sites and | |
| |
− | | | waste-water and | |
| |
− | | | excreta | |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | - Combat malaria | |
| |
− | | | vectors (indoor | |
| |
− | | | spraying, | |
| |
− | | | behaviour change | |
| |
− | | | communication | |
| |
− | | | (BCC) at mass | |
| |
− | | | media and | |
| |
− | | | community relay | |
| |
− | | | level, treat | |
| |
− | | | breeding | |
| |
− | | | grounds) | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
| | | |
− | It is planned to implement the National Adaptation Plan based on a
| + | ||SO 3: Improve the resilience of stakeholders to climate change |
− | strategy comprising five (5) axes:
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | +-----------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| |
− | | - Strategic axis 1: | Build long-term capacities of institutions |
| |
− | | | involved in climate change adaptation |
| |
− | +=======================+=============================================+
| |
− | | - Strategic axis 2: | Improve information systems |
| |
− | +-----------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| |
− | | - Strategic axis 3: | Implement efficient and sustainable |
| |
− | | | financing mechanisms |
| |
− | +-----------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| |
− | | - Strategic axis 4: | Reduce the country\'s overall vulnerability |
| |
− | | | to climate change |
| |
− | +-----------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| |
− | | - Strategic axis 5: | Systematically integrate climate change |
| |
− | | | adaptation into development policies and |
| |
− | | | strategies |
| |
− | +-----------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| |
| | | |
− | The consolidated costs of short-, medium- and long-term adaptation
| + | ||SO 4: Develop early warning systems to ensure efficient management of climate variability and change |
− | measures (1 to 15 years) by development sector or field are summarised
| + | |- |
− | below:
| + | ||'''Animal production''' |
| + | ||SO 1: Improve the security of pastoral activities through better dissemination and exploitation of information on pastoral resources and associated access. |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | **Development sector (including horizontal issues)** **Estimated cost in billion FCFA**
| |
− | ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
| |
− | Agriculture 1 313
| |
− | Animal resources 375
| |
− | Environment 375
| |
− | Health 188
| |
− | Energy 1 126
| |
− | Infrastructure and housing 375
| |
− | Water security 101,75
| |
− | **TOTAL** **3853,75**
| |
| | | |
− | The water sector includes horizontal elements. Additional investments
| + | ||SO 2: Ensure the security of animal capital with a view to supporting the pastoral economy on a sustainable basis and improve the resilience of stakeholders in order to achieve sustainable food security in Burkina Faso |
− | may accrue from the other sectors, as listed in the table below.
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| |
− | | **Proposed actions** | **Amounts in billion CFA** |
| |
− | +========================================+============================+
| |
− | | Baseline quality of water in water | 2 |
| |
− | | agency districts | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| |
− | | Groundwater dam studies | 1, 5 |
| |
− | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| |
− | | Use of technology to reduce surface | 2, 5 |
| |
− | | evaporation from water bodies | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| |
− | | Agriculture: | 1 |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | Develop water-saving booster | |
| |
− | | irrigation systems (pools, impluvia) | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| |
− | | Livestock farming: | 1 |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | Improve fodder production by | |
| |
− | | mobilising groundwater and surface | |
| |
− | | water (groundwater dams, bourgou | |
| |
− | | pastures) | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| |
− | | Energy: | 0,5 |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | Formulate water planning and | |
| |
− | | management plans (WPMMP) in order to | |
| |
− | | identify hydroelectric sites (3 water | |
| |
− | | agencies) | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| |
− | | Health: | 0,5 |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | Malaria | 0,5 |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | Treat and dry breeding grounds | |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | Increase distribution of mosquito nets | |
| |
− | | to populations living close to water | |
| |
− | | bodies and reservoirs | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| |
− | | **Total** | **9,5** |
| |
− | +----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| |
| | | |
− | The NAP will be financed from various sources:
| + | ||SO 3: Reduce the vulnerability of farmers to climate change and contribute to local economic development |
| + | |- |
| + | ||'''Environment and natural resources''' |
| + | ||SO 1: Increase productivity and the resilience of ecosystems |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | - National budget
| |
| | | |
− | - Traditional or emerging bilateral partners | + | ||SO 2: Improve biodiversity conservation |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | - Traditional or emerging multilateral partners
| |
| | | |
− | - International foundations | + | ||SO 3: Improve research and ecological monitoring |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | - Private sector
| |
| | | |
− | - NGOs and NGO networks | + | ||SO 4: Reduce GG emissions |
| + | |- |
| + | ||'''Energy''' |
| + | ||SO 1: Reduce the impact of climate change on the energy sector |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | - etc.
| |
| | | |
− | The NAP will be coordinated and steered by the following government
| + | ||SO 2: Ensure a sustainable supply of energy for cooking |
− | bodies:
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | - National Council for the Environment and Sustainable Development
| |
− | > (CONEDD)
| |
| | | |
− | - Permanent Secretariat of the National Council for the Environment | + | ||SO 3: Reduce electricity consumption |
− | > and Sustainable Development (PS/CONEDD)
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | If it is to play its full part and achieve its objectives, the NAP will
| |
− | need to be supplemented at a later date by a rigorous
| |
− | monitoring/assessment system and an operational communication strategy.
| |
| | | |
− | The NAP monitoring and assessment mechanism will be exactly the same as
| + | ||SO 4: Gain more knowledge into the impact of climate change on the energy sector |
− | that of the AGSDS and will comprise: (i) annual review of the NAP; (ii)
| + | |- |
− | sectoral reviews and (iii) regional reviews.
| + | ||'''Health''' |
| + | ||SO 1: Ensure leadership and governance in terms of adapting to the impacts of climate change on the health sector |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | To conclude: despite the naturally unfavourable conditions which exist
| |
− | in Burkina Faso, solutions exist that will enable it to move towards
| |
− | sustainable development. Political decision-makers will need to ensure
| |
− | that climate change adaptation is at the heart of development policies
| |
− | and strategies. Moreover, all development stakeholders (State, technical
| |
− | and financial partners, private sector, civil society organisations,
| |
− | international community) need to join forces to combat climate change.
| |
− | In that context, the NAP is a suitable reference framework which will
| |
− | enable all stakeholders to pool their efforts with a view to helping
| |
− | Burkina Faso reduce its structural vulnerability, increase its
| |
− | resilience and manage its development better.
| |
| | | |
− | INTRODUCTION
| + | ||SO 2: Increase human resources in the health sector skilled in adapting to the effects of climate change |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | The government of Burkina Faso, with the support of the UNDP as a Global
| |
− | Environment Facility (GEF) implementing agency, started to prepare its
| |
− | National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change (NAPA) in
| |
− | 2005. In November 2007, the NAPA was adopted at national level. Three
| |
− | adaptation projects were prepared and implemented between 2009 and 2014
| |
− | under the leadership of the Ministry of Environment and the UNDP.
| |
| | | |
− | At the present stage, Burkina Faso is expected to have an adaptation
| + | ||SO 3: Improve the early warning system and the response to climate change-related phenomena |
− | efficacy and cost evaluation document for the medium and long term for
| + | |- |
− | several sectors based on the following elements:
| + | || |
| | | |
− | - Analysis of local climate change (CC) scenarios up to 2025 and 2050
| |
− | > where data are available
| |
| | | |
− | - Analysis of vulnerability to CC of target sectors
| + | ||SO 4: Adapt health infrastructure to the effects of climate change |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | Furthermore, the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations
| |
− | Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted decision 5/CP.17 on NAPs
| |
− | at its 17th session held in Durban (South Africa) from 28 November to
| |
− | 11 December 2011 in the aim of helping the least developed countries
| |
− | take better account of climate change in development policies and
| |
− | strategies.
| |
| | | |
− | ***The aforementioned decision 5/CP.17:***
| + | ||SO 5: Improve research in the field of climate change |
| + | |- |
| + | ||'''Infrastructure and housing''' |
| + | ||SO 1: Promote access to decent accommodation for disadvantaged social groups by providing rental accommodation, supporting DIY construction and building social housing stock |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | - *\'Invites* least developed country Parties to use the guidelines
| |
− | and modalities contained in this decision, in accordance with their
| |
− | national circumstances, in preparing their national adaptation
| |
− | plans\'.
| |
| | | |
− | - *\'Also invites* the least developed country Parties to strive to | + | ||SO 2: Provide public facilities and road, water and rain and waste-water drainage infrastructure which is practical and resilient through good design/implementation and good maintenance |
− | implement institutional arrangements to facilitate their national
| + | |- |
− | adaptation plan process, building on existing institutions and
| + | || |
− | consistent with their national circumstances\'.
| |
| | | |
− | Burkina Faso decided to prepare an NAP in response to that decision. In
| |
− | order to do so, a multidisciplinary team of experts was set up at
| |
− | national level to prepare the NAP, taking account of gender and of civil
| |
− | society. Experts were appointed from the following fields and sectors:
| |
− | (i) agriculture; (ii) animal production; (iii) environment and natural
| |
− | resources; (iv) meteorology; (v) energy; (vi) health; (vii)
| |
− | infrastructure and housing; (viii) women\'s associations; (ix) civil
| |
− | society organisations. The experts are listed in the annex.
| |
| | | |
− | In order to take proper account of water security, the NAP took account
| + | ||SO 3: Turn the towns of Burkina Faso into hubs of economic growth and sustainable development by promoting a green economy |
− | of the written input received from the Global Water Partnership West
| + | |- |
− | Africa and the Burkina National Water Partnership.
| + | ||'''Horizontal issues''' |
| + | ||SO 1: Help to improve mastery of environmental problems and climate change by members of women's associations |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | In fact, these two partners offered their services to the national
| |
− | coordination agency for NAPA projects by providing a consultant who
| |
− | specialises in water and by cofinancing workshops with stakeholders.
| |
| | | |
− | 1) FORMULATION OF NAP - NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES
| + | ||SO 2: Help to improve the resilience of members of women's associations by implementing revenue-generating activities |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | Burkina Faso, like many other developing and certain developed
| |
− | countries, has ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on
| |
− | Climate Change (UNFCCC). For the international community, ratification
| |
− | implied a pledge to be better prepared to contain the impact of climate
| |
− | change through national communications, policies and measures to
| |
− | mitigate the greenhouse effect, national climate change adaptation
| |
− | programmes and systematic monitoring of the problem.
| |
| | | |
− | Burkina Faso started the process to formulate its NAPA following
| + | ||SO 3: Develop adaptation technologies which take account of the conditions in women's associations on the basis of traditional knowledge |
− | ratification of the Kyoto Protocol in March 2005. The NAPA, the main
| + | |- |
− | objective of which was to identify priority actions based on the urgent
| + | || |
− | and immediate need for adaptation among vulnerable populations (poor
| |
− | rural populations), was adopted in November 2007 and included the
| |
− | following key intervention sectors: agriculture, water resources, animal
| |
− | resources and forestry/biodiversity.
| |
| | | |
− | By ratifying the UNFCCC, Burkina Faso qualified for the Adaptation in
| |
− | Africa Programme (AAP) launched by the UNDP with funding from the
| |
− | Japanese government. In fact, following signature of the Convention in
| |
− | October 2008 between the UNDP and Japan on the implementation of the
| |
− | AAP, twenty (20) African countries, including Burkina Faso, were granted
| |
− | funding for their climate variability and change adaptation programmes.
| |
− | That was made possible by the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on
| |
− | African Development (TICAD IV) held in 2008.
| |
| | | |
− | In 2009, two years after validation of its NAPA, Burkina Faso was
| + | ||SO 4: Improve the contribution of NGOs to better governance in implementing the NAP/CC in Burkina Faso |
− | granted UNDP support in order to mobilise funding with a view to
| + | |- |
− | combined implementation of the following three (3) projects:
| + | || |
| | | |
− | - Capacity-building in order to adapt and reduce vulnerability to
| |
− | climate change in Burkina Faso (NAPA-BKF-UNDP/GEF)
| |
| | | |
− | - Adaptation to climate change with a view to improving human security
| + | ||SO 5: Ensure the sustainability of civil society initiatives in climate change adaptation |
− | in Burkina Faso (NAPA-BKF-UNDP/DANIDA);
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | - Capacity-building in order to take better account of climate
| |
− | change-related concerns during the preparation and implementation of
| |
− | development plans, programmes and projects (NAPA-BKF-UNDP/Japan).
| |
| | | |
− | These three projects operated in tandem in order to improve their
| + | ||SO 6: Help to improve public involvement in the process of reflection, analysis and decision-making in connection with climate change adaptation by producing, disseminating and making efficient use of information originating from innovative CSO experiences. |
− | implementation, as they are complementary and are respectively designed
| + | |- |
− | to increase awareness of the impact of climate change, test best
| + | || |
− | practices or adaptation technology packages and underpin strategic
| |
− | planning that takes account of climate change.
| |
| | | |
− | - An analysis of NAPAs in LDC illustrated that they had encountered
| |
− | > numerous difficulties in both the formulation and implementation
| |
− | > stages:
| |
| | | |
− | - delays during formulation;
| + | ||SO 7:Improve the mobilisation and exploitation of water resources'''' |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | - insufficient account taken of climate change in development
| |
− | > policies and strategies;
| |
| | | |
− | - insufficient financing during implementation.
| + | ||SO 8: Improve conservation and protection of water resources |
| + | |- |
| + | || |
| | | |
− | Climate change adaptation is no longer a choice; it is instrumental to
| |
− | sustainable development. A process of inclusive and efficient
| |
− | involvement of all stakeholders must be put in place in order to combat
| |
− | the harmful effects of climate change.
| |
| | | |
− | It is currently recognised that the NAPA is in urgent need of review and
| + | ||SO 9: Improve knowledge about (surface and, more importantly, underground) water resources in the context of climate change |
− | that a national adaptation plan on climate change (NAP) urgently needs
| + | |- |
− | to be adopted. This advantage of this new vision is that it takes better
| + | || |
− | account of climate change in development policies and strategies.
| |
| | | |
− | **In order to gain a better understanding of the results expected of the
| |
− | NAP, it is important to understand the similarities and differences
| |
− | between an NAPA and an NAP. Both an NAPA and an NAP have the same goal,
| |
− | namely to** reduce vulnerability to the impact of climate change by:
| |
| | | |
− | - minimising, reducing or preventing risks and
| + | ||SO 10: Improve access to sanitation |
| + | |} |
| | | |
− | - improving the capacity to adapt to climate change.
| |
| | | |
− | However, an NAPA and an NAP have different objectives, which can be
| + | The whole NAP for the country as a whole can be summarised as follows: |
− | summarised as follows: | |
| | | |
− | Table 1: Similarities and differences between an NAPA and an NAP
| |
| | | |
− | **NAPA process** **NAP process**
| + | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 1010.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 1010.3px;" |
− | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| + | |- |
− | Urgent and immediate adaptation needs Long-term adaptation objectives
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''SHORT-, MEDIUM- AND LONG-TERM ADAPTATION OBJECTIVES''' |
− | Project-based Policy-based
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|'''ADAPTATION MEASURES''' |
− | One-off Iterative
| + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"|'''SHORT-, MEDIUM- OR LONG-TERM''' |
− | Established process Flexible process
| + | |- |
− | Existing climate impacts Anticipated climate impacts
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Protect accelerated growth pillars:''' |
− | Inputs at community level: important source of information; new research not required Various sources of information required, including inputs at community level, climate models, socio-economic scenarios etc.
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"| |
− | Identification of adaptation needs Identification and support for effective implementation of adaptation measures
| |
| | | |
− | The Burkina Faso NAP was formulated with due regard for the following
| |
− | elements:
| |
| | | |
− | - results of climate foresights; | + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"| |
| | | |
− | - assessment of the vulnerability of various sectors to climate change
| |
− | > led by national and international institutions;
| |
| | | |
− | - acquis from pilot NAPA projects. | + | |- |
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Agriculture''' |
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|• Cultivate early varieties or drought-resistant crops• Apply water and soil conservation methods (stone barriers, small dikes, filtering dikes, terraces, half moons, agroforestry, dune fixing etc.) |
| | | |
− | 2) METHODOLOGY
| |
| | | |
− | The elements described in the sections below give an idea of the action
| + | • Promote sustainable land management (SLM) |
− | taken during formulation of the Burkina Faso NAP. The national
| |
− | circumstances of the country were taken into account when planning that
| |
− | action. The methodology for formulating an NAP includes four (4) steps
| |
− | or \'elements\'.
| |
| | | |
− | a) ***Laying the groundwork and addressing gaps***
| |
| | | |
− | The activities undertaken under this element, as set out in **decision
| + | • Improve access to climate information |
− | 5/CP.17** are designed to identify gaps and omissions in intervention
| |
− | frameworks and address them as necessary, to support the formulation of
| |
− | comprehensive adaptation plans, programmes and policies, through, inter
| |
− | alia:
| |
| | | |
− | - identification and assessment of institutional arrangements,
| + | • Introduce agricultural insurance |
− | > programmes, policies and capacities for overall coordination and
| |
− | > leadership;
| |
| | | |
− | - assessment of available information on climate change impacts,
| |
− | > vulnerability and adaptation, measures taken to address climate
| |
− | > change and gaps and needs, at the national and regional levels;
| |
| | | |
− | - comprehensive iterative assessments of development needs and climate | + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"|Short-term |
− | > vulnerabilities.
| |
| | | |
− | b) ***Preparatory elements***
| |
| | | |
− | In developing NAPs, consideration is given to identifying specific
| + | Short-term |
− | needs, options and priorities on a country-driven basis, utilising the
| |
− | services of national and, where appropriate, regional institutions, and
| |
− | to the effective and continued promotion of participatory and
| |
− | gender-sensitive approaches coordinated with sustainable development
| |
− | objectives, policies, plans and programmes. Activities may include the
| |
− | following:
| |
| | | |
− | - design and development of plans, programmes and policies by
| |
− | > considering decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 14(a), to address the gaps
| |
− | > and needs referred to in paragraph 1 above;
| |
| | | |
− | - assessments of medium- and long-term adaptation needs, and, as
| + | Medium term |
− | > appropriate, development needs and climate vulnerabilities;
| |
| | | |
− | - activities aimed at integrating climate change adaptation into
| |
− | > national and subnational development and sectoral planning;
| |
| | | |
− | - participatory stakeholder consultations; | + | Medium-term |
| | | |
− | - communication, awareness-raising and education.
| |
| | | |
− | c) ***Implementation strategies***
| + | Long-term |
| | | |
− | Activities carried out as part of the implementation strategies take
| |
− | into consideration the following:
| |
| | | |
− | - prioritising work according to development needs and climate change | + | |- |
− | > vulnerability and risk;
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Livestock farming''' |
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|• Fight bush fires in order to prevent destruction of dry-season grazing reserves |
| | | |
− | - strengthening institutional and regulatory frameworks to support
| |
− | > adaptation;
| |
| | | |
− | - training and coordination at the sectoral and subnational levels;
| + | • Adopt best animal husbandry and pastoral practices (pastoral hydraulics, pastoral resource management, pasture mowing and conservation, pasture crops, silage, animal mobility and transhumance etc.) |
| | | |
− | - public dissemination of information on the national adaptation plan
| |
− | > process, to be made available to the public and to the UNFCCC;
| |
| | | |
− | - considering other relevant multilateral frameworks and international
| + | • Ensure stakeholders take account of climate variability in development project and programme planning by improving their skills |
− | > programmes and initiatives, with a view to building on and
| |
− | > complementing existing adaptation planning.
| |
| | | |
− | d) ***Reporting, monitoring and review***
| |
| | | |
− | These activities, including national adaptation plan documents, can be
| + | • Preserve cattle breeding at serious risk from climate variability |
− | included in national strategies and plans, as appropriate.
| |
| | | |
− | Under this element, Parties should undertake a regular review, at
| |
− | intervals that they determine:
| |
| | | |
− | - to address inefficiencies, incorporating the results of new
| + | • Ensure farmers adopt animal production methods adapted to a hot climate |
− | > assessments and emerging science and reflect lessons learned from
| |
− | > adaptation efforts;
| |
| | | |
− | - to monitor and review the efforts undertaken, and provide
| |
− | > information in their national communications on the progress made
| |
− | > and the effectiveness of the national adaptation plan process.
| |
| | | |
− | An NAP is formulated in a participatory and inclusive approach, by
| + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"|Short-term |
− | holding a series of workshops to: (i) inform sectoral stakeholders about
| |
− | the NAP process; (ii) record their concerns for the purpose of
| |
− | formulating the NAP; (iii) obtain their approval of the draft NAP.
| |
| | | |
− | The NAP has been devised in two volumes: the main volume contains the
| |
− | main elements of the NAP and the sectoral NAPs which provide detailed
| |
− | information on climate change adaptation in the various development
| |
− | sectors referred to above.
| |
| | | |
− | This NAP document, which was developed between November 2012 and
| + | Short-term |
− | January 2015 contains four main sections:
| |
| | | |
− | 1) Preparatory phase, diagnostic analysis and conclusions from sectoral
| |
− | assessments
| |
| | | |
− | 2) National adaptation plan
| |
| | | |
− | 3) Implementation
| |
| | | |
− | 4) Monitoring/assessment
| + | Long-term |
| | | |
− | PART ONE: PREPARATORY PHASE, DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF SECTORAL
| |
− | ASSESSMENTS
| |
| | | |
− | 1.1 NAP FORMULATION AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROCESS {#nap-formulation-and-stakeholder-consultation-process .TI}
| + | Long-term |
− | --------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | The NAP was formulated with very close attention to institutional,
| |
− | technical and financial aspects. First, Burkina Faso adopted the idea in
| |
− | October 2012 of formulating a medium- and long-term climate change
| |
− | adaptation strategy denoted NAPA programming. This idea was fleshed out
| |
− | under the NAPA-BKF-UNDP/Japan project entitled \'Capacity-building for
| |
− | the purpose of taking better account of climate change-related concerns
| |
− | during the preparation and implementation of development plans,
| |
− | programmes and projects\'. That project enabled the Mathematical
| |
− | Equation Analysis Laboratory (LAME) of the University of Ouagadougou to
| |
− | prepare climate projections for Burkina Faso up to 2021, 2050 and 2100
| |
− | and to assess the vulnerability of various development sectors. Thanks
| |
− | to this project, several senior Burkinabe civil servants in charge of
| |
− | planning in their various ministries were trained in the T21
| |
− | multisectoral dynamic model for the purpose of formulating the NAPA
| |
− | programming. The persons trained are listed in the annex.
| |
| | | |
− | The Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development instructed the
| + | Long-term |
− | PS/CONEDD and the national NAPA project coordination agency to prepare
| |
− | terms of reference, based on which nine (9) national experts and one
| |
− | expert head of mission were recruited. In order to comply with the
| |
− | UNFCCC, it was decided to formulate an NAP to replace the NAPA
| |
− | programming. Burkina Faso took that decision, first so that it would
| |
− | have a document tailored to its physical and socio-economic conditions
| |
− | and, second, so that it would be fully in step with the UNFCCC
| |
− | recommendations, especially as NAPA programming did not reflect the
| |
− | UNFCCC proposals in either name or content. Having done so, it adopted a
| |
− | methodology and roadmap.
| |
| | | |
− | At institutional level, the Secretary General of the Ministry of
| |
− | Environment and Sustainable Development set up an interministerial
| |
− | technical monitoring committee under memorandum no 1049/MEDD/SG of
| |
− | 22 November 2012 to pilot the NAP formulation process. Its specific
| |
− | remit is to:
| |
| | | |
− | - monitor and evaluate the entire process; | + | |- |
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Forestry''' |
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|• Adopt best forestry and agroforestry practices (selective felling for firewood, natural assisted regeneration, controlled land clearance etc.) |
| | | |
− | - validate the work plan;
| |
| | | |
− | - authorise consultants to access structures and documents;
| + | • Introduce community and participative management of forestry and fauna resources |
| | | |
− | - prevalidate the reports and other documents formulated.
| |
| | | |
− | The committee is chaired by the Permanent Secretary of the CONEDD and
| + | • Increase sustainable exploitation of non-timber forest products (NTFP) |
− | the Director of Studies and Planning (DEP) of the MEDD acts as his
| |
− | alternate. A list of committee members is annexed hereto.
| |
| | | |
− | Stakeholders were consulted by development sector in workshops.
| |
− | Stakeholders were asked to consider a basic document prepared by the
| |
− | national expert in charge of the sector. Workshops were organised in the
| |
− | aim of:
| |
| | | |
− | - **informing the various stakeholders about the NAP formulation | + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"|Short-term |
− | > process;**
| |
| | | |
− | - **identifying the climate impacts on each sector;** | + | Long-term |
| | | |
− | - **assessing the vulnerability of each sector;**
| |
| | | |
− | - **determining needs in terms of development and climate change
| |
− | > adaptation;**
| |
| | | |
− | - **facilitating the appropriation and operationalisation of the NAP
| |
− | > once it had been formulated.**
| |
| | | |
− | This participatory and inclusive process gave rise to very helpful input
| + | Medium-term |
− | from stakeholders.
| |
| | | |
− | The huge importance attached to stakeholder consultation is warranted by
| |
− | the very nature of the NAP formulation process, which is predicated on
| |
− | the participation and inclusion of all stakeholders concerned. The
| |
− | quality of the monitoring process is more important than the quality of
| |
− | the document produced due to the fundamental role that stakeholders will
| |
− | need to play during operationalisation of the NAP.
| |
| | | |
− | The national approach and strategy applied in order to formulate the NAP
| + | |- |
− | are summarised in Table 2 below.
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Energy''' |
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|• Diversify energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) |
| | | |
− | Table 2: National NAP formulation approach and strategy
| |
| | | |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| + | • Introduce water planning and management plans in Sudanian zone where climate forecasts predict a slight increase in rainfall |
− | | Planned inputs for NAP process | - Climate change adaptation |
| |
− | | | plan by development sector |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | - National adaptation plan on |
| |
− | | | > climate change |
| |
− | +==================================+==================================+
| |
− | | Institutional arrangements for | - Establishment of an |
| |
− | | the purpose of coordinating, | interministerial technical |
| |
− | | conducting and monitoring the | monitoring committee chaired |
| |
− | | NAP process | by the PS/CONEDD |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | - Technical supervision of |
| |
− | | | PS/CONEDD |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | - Establishment of a team of |
| |
− | | | nine (9) national experts in |
| |
− | | | nine (9) specialist fields |
| |
− | | | and one senior expert |
| |
− | | | charged with editing the NAP |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Stakeholder consultation process | - Organisation of nine (9) |
| |
− | | | stakeholder consultation |
| |
− | | | workshops (one for each |
| |
− | | | development sector:(i) |
| |
− | | | agriculture; (ii) animal |
| |
− | | | production; (iii) |
| |
− | | | environment and natural |
| |
− | | | resources; (iv) |
| |
− | | | meteorology; (v) |
| |
− | | | energy; (vi) health; (vii) |
| |
− | | | infrastructure and |
| |
− | | | housing; (viii) women\'s |
| |
− | | | associations; (ix) civil |
| |
− | | | society organisations) |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | - Organisation of four |
| |
− | | | meetings of the technical |
| |
− | | | monitoring committee |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | - Organisation of one NAP |
| |
− | | | validation workshop |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Technical and financial | - Technical support for the |
| |
− | | arrangements | national NAPA projects |
| |
− | | | coordination agency |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | - Financing of process by |
| |
− | | | national NAPA projects |
| |
− | | | coordination agency |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
| | | |
− | 1.2. IDENTIFICATION OF INFORMATION AVAILABLE AND EVALUATION OF CAPACITIES NEEDED FOR THE NAP FORMULATION PROCESS {#identification-of-information-available-and-evaluation-of-capacities-needed-for-the-nap-formulation-process .TI}
| |
− | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | The NAP formulation process makes provision for identification of
| + | • Promote energy-saving technologies in industry and construction• Promote the use of improved fireplaces to achieve a substantial reduction in consumption of wood and charcoal• Promote alternative energies such as butane and biogas |
− | available information and capacities and evaluation of the capacities
| |
− | needed. In Burkina Faso the situation is as follows:
| |
| | | |
− | Table 3: Inventory of capacities
| |
| | | |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"|Long-term |
− | | **Capacities available** | **Capacities needed** | | |
− | +==================================+==================================+
| |
− | | Competent environmental and | Database on impacts of climate |
| |
− | | sustainable development | change for each region of |
| |
− | | management structure formally | Burkina |
| |
− | | available at national level | |
| |
− | | (PS/CONEDD) | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | National structure in charge of | Capacity-building for better |
| |
− | | disaster and humanitarian crisis | integration of the climate |
| |
− | | prevention available in the form | change adaptation dimension in |
| |
− | | of the National Emergency Aid | disaster prevention, preparation |
| |
− | | and Rehabilitation Council | and response plans |
| |
− | | (CONASUR) with its own permanent | |
| |
− | | secretariat | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Database on impacts of climate | Climate models on reduced |
| |
− | | change available from three (3) | (regional) scale |
| |
− | | NAPA projects | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Long-term climate projections | Designation by the government of | | |
− | | prepared by the LAME available | a competent ministry (for |
| |
− | | (up to 2100) | example the MEDD) to drive |
| |
− | | | sectoral policy review with |
| |
− | | | a view to taking account of |
| |
− | | | climate change adaptation |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | National skills in T21, | Involvement and mobilisation of |
| |
− | | R-CLIMDEX, STATA, CROPWAT, | the private sector |
| |
− | | E‑Infrastructure tools | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Capacity of the Directorate | Involvement of the government |
| |
− | | General of Meteorology (DGM) to | (organisation of a government |
| |
− | | provide climate information and | seminar based on an NAP |
| |
− | | agro-meteorological advice in | communication document) |
| |
− | | real time | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | High-performance server (32 000 | Involvement of the National |
| |
− | | GB hard disk and 48 GB RAM) | Assembly and the Economic and |
| |
− | | available to the **Environmental | Social Council (CES) |
| |
− | | Skills Development, Information | (organisation of |
| |
− | | and Monitoring Division** | awareness-raising workshops for |
| |
− | | (DCIME) | MPs and CES advisors based on an |
| |
− | | | NAP communication document) |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Storage and online availability | Involvement of the National |
| |
− | | of information on the | Assembly and the Economic and |
| |
− | | environment and climate change | Social Council (CES) |
| |
− | | by the **Environmental Skills | (organisation of |
| |
− | | Development, Information and | awareness-raising workshops for |
| |
− | | Monitoring Division** (DCIME) | MPs and CES advisors based on an |
| |
− | | | NAP communication document) |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Existence of a network of | Institutional, financial, |
| |
− | | partners in the various | technical and material |
| |
− | | ministries (DEP) | capacity-building by DEP |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Availability of guidelines for | Institutional, financial, |
| |
− | | integrating climate change | technical and material |
| |
− | | adaptation into work plans and | capacity-building by DEP |
| |
− | | project cycles | |
| |
− | | | Technical capacity-building for |
| |
− | | | effective appropriation of |
| |
− | | | guidelines |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Well organised network of civil | Capacity-building of |
| |
− | | society organisations (CSO) | stakeholders involved |
| |
− | | evolving in the field of climate | |
| |
− | | change | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Network of women\'s associations | |
| |
− | | involved in the fight against | |
| |
− | | climate change | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
| | | |
− | This inventory of capacities was prepared by the PS/CONEDD based on
| + | Long-term |
− | inventories carried out in the Directorates of Studies and Planning
| |
− | (DEP) of the following twelve (12) ministries in order to assess their
| |
− | ability to integrate the climate change adaptation dimension in work
| |
− | plans and project cycles. List of ministries:
| |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources | + | Long-term |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development | + | Short-term |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Animal and Fishery Resources | + | Medium-term |
| + | |- |
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Infrastructure''' |
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|• Adhere strictly to dam and hydraulic structure, hydro - agricultural development and housing construction standards |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation
| |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Mines and Energy | + | • Update dam and hydraulic structure, hydro-agricultural development and housing construction standards |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Transport, Post and the Digital Economy
| |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Economy and Finance
| + | • Decontaminate and drain flood zones |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Secondary and Higher Education
| + | • Preserve water resources and improve access to sanitation |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Infrastructure and Access
| |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning
| + | • Pass and enforce laws and regulations, where applicable, on (i) construction of hydraulic, road and settlement i nfrastructures; (ii) space occupancy in urban and rural environments, especially of flood zones; (iii) mining activities (gold prospecting); (iv) industrial activities |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Communication
| |
| | | |
− | - Ministry of Health
| + | • Relocate populations in submersible and floodable zones to appropriate zones |
| | | |
− | This inventory is by no means exhaustive; however, it does give a good
| |
− | idea of the information and capacities available and of the capacities
| |
− | needed.
| |
| | | |
− | 1.3 ELEMENTS OF SOLUTIONS TO ADDRESS GAPS AND SHORTCOMINGS IDENTIFIED IN INTERVENTION FRAMEWORKS {#elements-of-solutions-to-address-gaps-and-shortcomings-identified-in-intervention-frameworks .TI}
| + | • Promote ecological housing and towns with low energy consumption (for air-conditioning and lighting) |
− | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | Having identified the gaps and shortcomings that might hamper the normal
| |
− | NAP formulation process, needs in terms of capacities and associated
| |
− | proposals are set out in Table 4 below.
| |
| | | |
− | Table 4: Needs in terms of capacities and elements of solutions
| + | • Promote and exploit local construction materials |
| | | |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | **Capacities needed** | **Elements of solutions** |
| |
− | +==================================+==================================+
| |
− | | Database on impacts of climate | Create a freely-accessible |
| |
− | | change for each region of | database on the impacts of |
| |
− | | Burkina | climate change for each region |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | Improve existing databases |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Climate models on reduced | Formulate regional climate |
| |
− | | (regional) scale | models |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Designation by the government of | Ministry of Environment and |
| |
− | | a competent ministry (for | Sustainable Development to file |
| |
− | | example the MEDD) to drive | a report to the Council of |
| |
− | | sectoral policy review with | Ministers |
| |
− | | a view to taking account of | |
| |
− | | climate change adaptation | |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Involvement and mobilisation of | Organise information and |
| |
− | | the private sector | awareness-raising workshops on |
| |
− | | | the impacts of climate change on |
| |
− | | | the economy for the private |
| |
− | | | sector under the aegis of the |
| |
− | | | Chamber of Commerce, Industry |
| |
− | | | and Handicrafts (CCIA) and the |
| |
− | | | National Council of Employers of |
| |
− | | | Burkina Faso (CNPB) |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Government involvement | Organise a government seminar on |
| |
− | | | how to take account of climate |
| |
− | | | change adaptation in development |
| |
− | | | policies and strategies |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | Formulate and implement a |
| |
− | | | capacity-building plan for |
| |
− | | | senior civil servants in |
| |
− | | | ministry departments on how to |
| |
− | | | take account of climate change |
| |
− | | | in development planning |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | Involvement of the National | Organise information workshops |
| |
− | | Assembly and Economic and Social | on climate change for specialist |
| |
− | | Council | working parties (networks, |
| |
− | | | commissions) of the National |
| |
− | | | Assembly and the ESC |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
− | | institutional, financial, | Formulate and implement a DEP |
| |
− | | technical and material | institutional, financial and |
| |
− | | capacity-building of DEP | material capacity-building |
| |
− | | | programme |
| |
− | +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| |
| | | |
− | 1.4 ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT NEEDS AND CLIMATE VULNERABILITIES {#assessment-of-development-needs-and-climate-vulnerabilities .TI}
| + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"|Short-term |
− | ---------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | At this stage, it is necessary to target the key development objectives
| |
− | which are vulnerable to climate change and should therefore benefit from
| |
− | adaptation measures. Given the relatively large number of policy and
| |
− | strategy documents currently being implemented, the focus has been
| |
− | placed on the accelerated growth and sustainable development strategy
| |
− | (AGSDS), the macroeconomic policy document that will underpin all
| |
− | sectoral development policies and strategies. The analysis covered the
| |
− | four strategic axes of the AGSDS. The climate impact or risk was
| |
− | estimated for each strategic axis and then elements of solutions were
| |
− | proposed. They are summarised in Table 5 below:
| |
| | | |
− | Table 5: Vulnerability assessment for each AGSDS strategic axis
| |
| | | |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | **AGSDS strategic | **Climate impact or | **Proposal for |
| |
− | | axes** | risk** | integrating |
| |
− | | | | adaptation** |
| |
− | +======================+======================+======================+
| |
− | | Axis 1: Develop | Frequent droughts | Integrate adaptation |
| |
− | | accelerated growth | and floods may | into individual |
| |
− | | pillars | reduce production in | AGSDS policy and |
| |
− | | (agriculture, | the rural sector | strategy action |
| |
− | | livestock farming, | | plans |
| |
− | | forestry, energy, | | |
| |
− | | infrastructure) | | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Axis 2: Consolidate | Significant increase | Take account of |
| |
− | | human resources and | in maximum and | climate change |
| |
− | | promote social | minimum temperatures | adaptation in health |
| |
− | | protection | and alternating | strategies **by |
| |
− | | | periods of drought | reviewing existing |
| |
− | | | and heavy rainfall | planning frameworks |
| |
− | | | may exacerbate | and directives** |
| |
− | | | certain diseases | |
| |
− | | | such as meningitis | |
| |
− | | | and malaria | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Axis 3: Strengthen | Forced migration of | Review basic |
| |
− | | good governance | rural populations | national physical |
| |
− | | | and animals due to | planning plan (NPPP) |
| |
− | | | climate change may | and agricultural and |
| |
− | | | disrupt physical | forestry |
| |
− | | | planning and local | restructuring (AFR) |
| |
− | | | governance | documents and ensure |
| |
− | | | | that climate change |
| |
− | | | | adaptation is taken |
| |
− | | | | into account |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Axis 4: Take account | Environmental | Implement national |
| |
− | | of horizontal | deterioration may | sustainable |
| |
− | | priorities in | make equitable | development policy |
| |
− | | development policies | access to natural | and its policy act |
| |
− | | and | resources and vital | |
| |
− | | | spaces more | Take account of |
| |
− | | programmes | difficult | national gender |
| |
− | | | | policy and climate |
| |
− | | | | change adaptation in |
| |
− | | | | rural development |
| |
− | | | | programmes and |
| |
− | | | | projects |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
| | | |
− | The same exercise was carried out for each sectoral policy in the aim of
| + | Medium-term |
− | assessing vulnerabilities and taking account of climate change
| |
− | adaptation in various sectoral policies. It is on that basis that the
| |
− | sectoral NAPs were formulated.
| |
| | | |
− | 1.5. ANALYSIS OF CURRENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS {#analysis-of-current-and-future-climate-change-scenarios .TI}
| |
− | ------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | 1.5.1 Studies carried out by the Mathematical Equation Analysis Laboratory (LAME) {#studies-carried-out-by-the-mathematical-equation-analysis-laboratory-lame .CAD}
| |
− | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | Climate issues have been at the forefront of development concerns as the
| + | Medium-term |
− | main constraint or source of major uncertainty for over a decade.
| |
− | Adaptation activities have gradually been developed in rural areas, with
| |
− | varying degrees of success, importance or visibility based on local,
| |
− | traditional knowledge. These traditional techniques and practices have
| |
− | been optimised by involving researchers.
| |
| | | |
− | However, the account taken of climate questions in political visions,
| |
− | orientations and instruments at national level is still below par. Aside
| |
− | from a few disseminated pilot interventions here and there in the form
| |
− | of local development projects, it is also dispersed and, for the most
| |
− | part, informal. A national assessment of the climate factor is required
| |
− | if climate data are to be systematically integrated into national
| |
− | political visions, orientations and instruments.
| |
| | | |
− | Within the framework of formulation of the NAP, the Mathematical
| + | Medium-term |
− | Equation Analysis Laboratory (LAME) of the University of Ouagadougou
| |
− | carried out climate modelling, risk evaluation and climate change
| |
− | vulnerability studies. The first series of these studies covers climate
| |
− | trends from 1980 to 2010 and the second assesses the risks of and
| |
− | vulnerability to climate change. That second study, which is explained
| |
− | below, attempts to highlight objective and reproducible elements which
| |
− | can be taken into account or documented in strategic development
| |
− | planning.
| |
| | | |
− | 1.5.2 Global climate context {#global-climate-context .CAD}
| |
− | ----------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | According to the fourth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
| |
− | Change (IPCC), rising temperatures, more intense and frequent droughts,
| |
− | reduced local rainfall and even melting glaciers are expected over
| |
− | coming decades. The IPCC has used six scenarios of greenhouse gas
| |
− | emissions with varying levels of pollution to describe the climate of
| |
− | the future in order to arrive at its \'best estimates\', i.e. global
| |
− | warming of between 1.8 and 4 degrees Celsius in 2100. More importantly,
| |
− | they estimate that a rise of +2°C is inevitable by the end of the
| |
− | century, irrespective of any efforts made to reduce greenhouse gas
| |
− | emissions.
| |
| | | |
− | These projections suggest that Africa will see rising temperatures
| |
− | during the 21^st^ century; however the degree of warming depends on the
| |
− | socio-economic and demographic scenario in question and the climate
| |
− | simulation model used.
| |
| | | |
− | There are differences of opinion as to the change in rainfall depending
| + | Long-term |
− | on the model used (less than 66 % of the models agree on the change in
| |
− | the Sahelian zone).
| |
| | | |
− | These climate changes will have very significant consequences in terms
| |
− | of water resources, biodiversity, sea levels etc. and will impact on
| |
− | numerous sectors of activity (agriculture, tourism, infrastructure,
| |
− | urban planning, health etc.).
| |
| | | |
− | 1.5.3. Climate of Burkina Faso {#climate-of-burkina-faso .CAD}
| + | Short-term |
− | ------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | ### 1.5.3.1 Change in rainfall {#change-in-rainfall .PNA}
| |
| | | |
− | As in the other countries of the sub-region, the signs of climate
| + | Long-term |
− | variability and change in Burkina Faso established by the Directorate
| |
− | General of National Meteorology (DGM) are a reality in terms of
| |
− | rainfall.
| |
| | | |
− | Figure 1 below illustrates changes in rainfall in Sahelian countries
| |
− | from 1950 to 2005 recorded by the AGRHYMET of the Permanent Interstate
| |
− | Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel in Niamey in Niger.
| |
| | | |
− | **Figure1: Change in rainfall index in Sahelian countries from 1950 to
| + | Medium-term |
− | 2005**
| |
| | | |
− | ***Source: AGRHYMET, Niamey (Niger)***
| |
| | | |
− | As the figure illustrates, there have been three main trends:
| + | |- |
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Ensure sustainable food and nutrition security''' |
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|• Increase resilience of vulnerable communities and households to food and nutrition insecurity by improving their livelihood |
| | | |
− | - between 1950 and 1970: prevalence of wet years;
| |
| | | |
− | - between 1970 and 1990: prevalence of dry years;
| + | • Achieve a structural and sustainable reduction in food and nutrition vulnerability of vulnerable communities and households |
| | | |
− | - from 1990 onwards: marked shifts between wet and dry years.
| |
| | | |
− | The DGM analysis illustrates that rainfall in Burkina Faso changed
| + | • Improve social protection of vulnerable communities and households in order to secure their livelihood |
− | during the 20th century. The data compiled for that period indicate:
| |
| | | |
− | - a downward trend in total annual rainfall across the entire country;
| |
| | | |
− | - a downward trend in the indicator across the number of rainy days;
| + | • Capitalise on and share innovations and best practices to support food and nutrition security |
| | | |
− | - an upward trend in the number of consecutive dry days (from 46 to 57
| |
− | > days per decade in the areas of Dédougou, Farakoba et Ouahigouya).
| |
| | | |
− | Burkina Faso has three climate zones, as illustrated in Figure 2 below:
| + | • Make increased use of non-timber forest products as food supplements |
| | | |
− | **Figure2: Climate zone map of Burkina Faso**
| |
| | | |
− | In all three climate zones, there was a downward trend in rainfall at
| + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"|Medium-term |
− | the reference weather stations at Dori (Sahelian zone), Ouagadougou
| |
− | (Sudanian-Sahelian zone) and Bobo-Dioulasso (Sudanian zone) between 1960
| |
− | and 2011.
| |
| | | |
− | Moreover, cumulative rainfall data analysis for thirty-year periods
| + | Long-term |
− | (normal values) indicates that the 600 and 900 mm isohyets migrated
| |
− | about 100 to 150 km from north to south between 1930 and 2010.
| |
| | | |
− | However, a more detailed analysis for 10-year periods indicates that the
| |
− | isohyets moved back about 50 km between 2001 and 2010 in the southern,
| |
− | central/southern and northwestern regions of the country.
| |
| | | |
− | ### 1.5.3.2 Changes in temperature {#changes-in-temperature .PNA}
| |
| | | |
− | Long-term data on extreme temperatures indicate an overall upward trend
| + | Medium-term |
− | in the number of hot days and hot nights, except in the southwestern
| |
− | regions, where there has been a downward trend in the number of hot
| |
− | nights.
| |
| | | |
− | Detailed analysis indicates that there is generally an upward trend in
| + | Short-term |
− | extreme annual temperatures (minimum annual temperatures and maximum
| |
− | annual temperatures) in both the Sudanian and the Sahelian zones (Table
| |
− | 6). However, that rise is more marked for the minimum annual
| |
− | temperatures than for the maximum annual temperatures.
| |
| | | |
− | Table 6: Changes in extreme temperatures (1960-2011)
| + | Medium-term |
| + | |- |
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Preserve water resources and improve access to sanitation''' |
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|• Monitor water retention (dam dikes, water flow, valve functioning etc) |
| | | |
− | **District** **Variation in minimum annual temperatures** **Variation in maximum annual temperatures**
| |
− | -------------- ---------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
| |
− | DORI +0.8°C +0.3°C
| |
− | OUAGA +0.8°C +0.5°C
| |
− | BOBO +0.6°C +0.7°C
| |
| | | |
− | LAME, 2012
| + | • Provide water storage: construct modern wells, high-flow boreholes, dams; develop ponds; divert water courses) |
| | | |
− | 1.5.4 Climate projections for Burkina Faso {#climate-projections-for-burkina-faso .CAD}
| |
− | ------------------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | The Mathematical Equation Analysis Laboratory (LAME) of the University
| + | • Combat silting of water bodies |
− | of Ouagadougou considered three weather stations representative of the
| |
− | three climate zones of Burkina Faso for the purpose of its studies into
| |
− | climate change:
| |
| | | |
− | - Dori for the Sahelian zone (14.03° N, 0.03° W; altitude 276 m)
| |
| | | |
− | - Ouagadougou for the Sudanian-Sahelian zone (12.35° N, 1.52° W;
| + | • Develop integrated water resources management (IWRM) |
− | altitude 306 m)
| |
| | | |
− | - Bobo-Dioulasso for the Sudanian zone (11.17° N, 4.32° W; altitude
| |
− | 460 m)
| |
| | | |
− | For each station it considered, first, the historic data recorded and,
| + | • Formulate water planning and management master plans |
− | second, the data from:
| |
| | | |
− | - the projections from five regional climate models (CRCMs) from the
| |
− | > AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis) programme using
| |
− | > scenario A1B;
| |
| | | |
− | - the projections from nine global climate models (GCMS) by the
| + | • Use appropriate technologies to reduce poor access for women to drinking water in the dry season |
− | > University of Cape Town (UCT) using scenarios A2 and B1.
| |
| | | |
− | **The scenarios used by the LAME for climate projections are described
| |
− | in Table 7 below:**
| |
| | | |
− | Table 7: Climate projection scenarios
| + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"|Short-term |
| | | |
− | +------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| |
− | | **Scenario** | **Description** |
| |
− | +==================+==================================================+
| |
− | | **Scenario A2** | Scenario A2 is the most pessimistic scenario and |
| |
− | | | assumes a situation in which there are no |
| |
− | | | restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions. In |
| |
− | | | this scenario the concentration of CO~2~ in 2100 |
| |
− | | | is 840 ppm. |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | **Period 2046 to 2065, then 2081 to 2100**. |
| |
− | +------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| |
− | | **Scenario B1** | Scenario B1 is more optimistic, with a |
| |
− | | | concentration of CO~2~ in 2100 of 550 ppm. |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | **Period 2046 to 2065, then 2081 to 2100**. |
| |
− | +------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| |
− | | **Scenario A1B** | In scenario A1B (intermediate scenario) the |
| |
− | | | concentration of CO~2~ in 2100 is 770 ppm. |
| |
− | | | |
| |
− | | | **Period 2021 to 2050** |
| |
− | +------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| |
| | | |
− | **LAME, 2012**
| + | Long-term |
| | | |
− | **Data on rainfall (annual and in July, August and September),
| |
− | temperatures and evapotranspiration were analysed for the climate
| |
− | projections.**
| |
| | | |
− | **Figures 3 and 4 and Figures 5 and 6 illustrate annual precipitation
| + | Long-term |
− | (PA) and precipitation in July, August and September (PJAS) for
| |
− | scenarios A2 and B1.**
| |
| | | |
− | Figure3: Trend in annual rainfall, scenario A2, 2046-2065
| |
| | | |
− | Figure4: Trend in annual rainfall, scenario B1, 2046-2065
| + | Short-term |
| | | |
− | **LAME, 2012**
| |
| | | |
− | **Figure5: Trend in precipitation in July/August/September, scenario A2,
| + | Short-term |
− | 2046-2065**
| |
| | | |
− | Figure6: Trend in precipitation in July/August/September, scenario B1,
| |
− | 2046-2065
| |
| | | |
− | > **LAME, 2012**
| + | Medium-term |
| | | |
− | In both scenarios for all three weather stations there would appear to
| |
− | be a stable or downward trend in annual rainfall and in rainfall in
| |
− | July, August and September between 2046 and 2065. However, compared to
| |
− | the baseline situation (1981-2010), the volume of rainfall will be
| |
− | larger in scenario A2 and smaller in scenario B1 (Table 8).
| |
| | | |
− | Table 8: Projected rainfall 2046 to 2065 and dispersion
| + | |- |
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Protect persons and goods fromextreme climate events andnatural disasters''' |
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|• Take account of resilience in development projects and programmes |
| | | |
− | **1981-2010** **A2 (2046-2065)** **B1 (2046-2065)**
| |
− | ---------- ---------- --------------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----------
| |
− | **Bobo** **Ouaga** **Dori** **Bobo** **Ouaga** **Dori** **Bobo** **Ouaga** **Dori**
| |
− | **PA** **10%** **824** **589** **322** **811** **557** **274** **392** **300** **189**
| |
− | **Mean** **955** **709** **450** **1203** **874** **532** **655** **478** **333**
| |
− | **90%** **1197** **834** **549** **1443** **1068** **676** **778** **602** **438**
| |
− | **PJAS** **10%** **504** **382** **247** **929** **679** **383** **521** **386** **249**
| |
− | **Mean** **622** **511** **342** **1192** **894** **523** **680** **511** **344**
| |
− | **90%** **780** **642** **445** **1424** **1091** **671** **778** **619** **421**
| |
| | | |
− | LAME, 2012
| + | • Formulate contingency plans at regional and local level and plans to support vulnerable populations |
| | | |
− | PA: annual precipitation
| |
| | | |
− | PJAS: precipitation in July, August and September
| + | • Provide sustainable financing for disaster and humanitarian crisis prevention and management by formulating and implementing an appropriate financing strategy |
| | | |
− | In scenario A2, the increases apply mainly to the upper set of values,
| |
− | i.e. above the mean, suggesting that extreme rainfall will increase.
| |
| | | |
− | In terms of data on **temperatures**, all scenarios result in
| + | • Improve women's skills by disseminating best climate change adaptation practices |
− | practically the same increase to within 0.5°C for the stations
| |
− | considered and to within 1°C for the scenarios considered.
| |
| | | |
− | Table 9: Temperature projections
| |
| | | |
− | +------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| + | • Use social safety nets for vulnerable populations |
− | | **Change in temperature** | **Bobo** | **Ouaga** |
| |
− | +==============================+===================+=================+
| |
− | | Increase (maxima and minima) | from 1.5 to 3.5°C | from 2 to 3°C |
| |
− | | A2: 2046-2065 | | |
| |
− | | | Av. of 2.5°C | Av. of 2.5°C |
| |
− | +------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| |
− | | Increase (maxima and minima) | from 1 to 3°C | from 1 to 2,5°C |
| |
− | | B1: 2046-2065 | | |
| |
− | | | Av. of 2°C | Av. of 2°C |
| |
− | +------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| |
− | | Increase (maxima and minima) | 1 to 1.8°C | from 1.7 to 2°C |
| |
− | | A1B: 2021-2050 | | |
| |
− | | | Av. of 1.5°C | |
| |
− | +------------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+
| |
| | | |
− | LAME, 2012
| |
| | | |
− | ***The findings are summarised below:***
| + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"|Short-term |
| | | |
− | 1) Little risk of less rain.
| |
| | | |
− | 2) Risk of rainy season starting earlier and ending later, with less
| |
− | > rain in July and August and more rain in September and October.
| |
| | | |
− | 3) Risk of increased variability from one year to the next.
| |
| | | |
− | 4) Risks of more frequent downpours and increased variability in
| + | Medium-term |
− | > pockets of drought at the start and end of the season.
| |
| | | |
− | 5) Risk of increase in maximum and minimum temperatures of 2.5°C to
| |
− | > 5°C.
| |
| | | |
− | 6) Risk of significant increase in monthly potential evapotranspiration
| |
− | (PET) (2 to 10 mm).
| |
| | | |
− | ***The anticipated consequences are as follows:***
| |
| | | |
− | 1) The significant variation in rainfall from one year to the next and
| + | Long-term |
− | > the increase in potential evapotranspiration (PET) represent
| |
− | > certain risks to the uninterrupted growth cycle of rain-fed crops.
| |
| | | |
− | 2) More frequent and more serious flooding, with a destructive impact
| |
− | > on infrastructure and makeshift housing, loss of crops and
| |
− | > destruction of biodiversity in the bottomlands and increase in
| |
− | > waterborne diseases such as cholera and other parasitic diseases.
| |
| | | |
− | 3) Increase in PET combined with anthropogenic activities resulting in
| + | Short-term |
− | > faster degradation of ground vegetation and thus a reduction in
| |
− | > infiltration to replenish the water table. Surface water will also
| |
− | > evaporate faster and permanent water courses will tend to
| |
− | > disappear with gallery forests. At present, over 60 % of water
| |
− | > retained by dams is lost by evaporation.
| |
| | | |
− | 4) The regeneration capacity of forest formations will no longer
| |
− | > suffice to compensate for timber felled for energy.
| |
| | | |
− | 5) Dwindling pasture land and water-holes will force pastoral
| |
− | > activities further and further south.
| |
| | | |
− | 6) The longer rainy season will increase cases of malaria and reduce
| |
− | > the dry period which favours meningitis; however, it will be
| |
− | > marked by a general rise in temperatures.
| |
| | | |
− | 7) Electricity consumption for air-conditioning will increase by an
| + | Short-term |
− | > additional 25‑50 % merely by reason of the rise in temperature,
| |
− | > which will complicate production management during hot spells.
| |
| | | |
− | The LAME has proposed a number of adaptation and mitigation methods, but
| |
− | they will need to be explored and supplemented by specific studies
| |
− | before decisions can be taken within a framework of coherent
| |
− | multisectoral policies:
| |
| | | |
− | - establish appropriate backup food stocks; | + | |- |
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Protect and improve the functioning of natural ecosystems''' |
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|• Develop environmental education in both formal and non-formal education systems |
| | | |
− | - encourage rational water use practices (e.g.: drip irrigation);
| |
| | | |
− | - extend water and soil conservation practices;
| + | • Implement reforestation projects and programmes using local species |
| | | |
− | - reduce evaporation by constructing water cisterns and using approved
| |
− | > chemical products specifically manufactured for that purpose;
| |
| | | |
− | - carry out research into short-cycle enterprises; | + | • Disseminate anti-erosion techniques |
| | | |
− | - develop renewable energies;
| |
| | | |
− | - increase energy efficiency;
| + | • Rehabilitate and preserve wetlands |
| | | |
− | - strengthen, redimension and extend infrastructure;
| |
| | | |
− | - step up actions to prevent malaria and waterborne diseases. | + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"|Medium-term |
| | | |
− | The LAME has already prepared many of these studies covering
| |
− | agriculture, livestock farming, the environment, health, water
| |
− | resources, infrastructure and energy for the purpose of the NAP. These
| |
− | studies have been collated for ease of use in a single volume.
| |
| | | |
− | ***To conclude:***
| + | Long-term |
| | | |
− | - Forecasts based on the two scenarios suggest extreme variability in
| |
− | > rainfall distribution, a relative reduction in JAS rainfall and a
| |
− | > longer rainy season. That would mean more scattered and hence less
| |
− | > efficient rainfall.
| |
| | | |
− | - Even with the optimistic scenario, an increase in rainfall and an | + | Short-term |
− | > increase in the frequency of downpours means that rainy days would
| |
− | > be more scattered. Moreover, the recurrence of long dry periods
| |
− | > during winter would compromise sensitive crops such as maize, rice
| |
− | > and pulses. This situation will inevitably increase the proportion
| |
− | > of irrigated and semi-irrigated agriculture; hence the importance
| |
− | > of promoting tools for seasonal monitoring of water losses (FAO
| |
− | > CropWat, for example).
| |
| | | |
− | 1.6 [ASSESSMENT OF VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE BY DEVELOPMENT SECTOR](#assessment-of-vulnerability-to-climate-change-by-development-sector) {#assessment-of-vulnerability-to-climate-change-by-development-sector .TI}
| |
− | -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | {#section .TI}
| + | Long-term |
| | | |
− | 1.6.1 Definition of vulnerability {#definition-of-vulnerability .CAD}
| |
− | ---------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | The definition of the term \'vulnerability\' has been the subject of
| + | |- |
− | major scientific debate. Of all the definitions proposed, we shall use
| + | | style="width: 171px;" data-mce-style="width: 171px;"|'''Protect and improve public health''' |
− | those which apply best to our subject area of climate change and its
| + | | style="width: 578px;" data-mce-style="width: 578px;"|'''''Meningitis''''': |
− | environmental and socio-economic impacts.
| |
| | | |
− | Vulnerability designates a series of predominant or consecutive
| |
− | circumstances comprising physical, socio-economic and/or political
| |
− | factors which have a negative impact on the ability to cope with
| |
− | disasters. Vulnerability may be of a physical, social or behavioural
| |
− | nature.
| |
| | | |
− | Vulnerability also denotes the response capacity of the economy or
| + | • Vaccine before first cases are reported |
− | society during and after a disaster. On an analytical level, it measures
| |
− | the capacity of a person or community to anticipate, respond to and
| |
− | recover from a serious event such as a natural disaster or humanitarian
| |
− | crisis or to a major change in living conditions and environment.
| |
| | | |
− | From a climate change perspective, the Intergovernmental Panel on
| |
− | Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) defines vulnerability as \'*the degree to
| |
− | which a system is susceptible to or, and unable to cope with, adverse
| |
− | impacts of climate change, including climate variability and extremes.
| |
− | Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of
| |
− | climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, the
| |
− | sensitivity and adaptive capacity of that system*\'.
| |
| | | |
− | The National emergency relief and rehabilitation organisation and
| + | • Organise reactive campaigns which target the entire population in epidemic zones |
− | coordination plan (PNOCSUR, 1999) of Burkina Faso defines vulnerability
| |
− | as follows: *\'Being vulnerable means living in conditions which are so
| |
− | precarious that everything that goes wrong or everything that may change
| |
− | the current situation puts survival itself at risk. Vulnerability is | |
− | therefore caused by the possibility that a destructive event may occur
| |
− | against which vulnerable populations are unable to defend themselves. It
| |
− | may have origins of a physical nature (types and location of
| |
− | structures), economic nature (possession of livestock, fields, equipment
| |
− | etc.), social nature (weakness of children, sick people, elderly people,
| |
− | salaried employees etc.) or cultural nature (traditions)\'.*
| |
| | | |
− | 1.6.2 Agriculture {#agriculture .CAD}
| |
− | -----------------
| |
| | | |
− | Burkina Faso is highly exposed to the harmful effects of climate
| + | • Increase meningitis monitoring using the geographical information system |
− | variability and change by reason of its geographical location in the
| |
− | centre of the Sudanian-Sahelian zone of West Africa. In fact, Burkina
| |
− | Faso lies in a zone in which the average annual depletion of
| |
− | **agricultural land is between 51 and 100 kg/ha of N + P~2~O~5~ +K~2~O
| |
− | (FAO 1985**[^1]**).**
| |
| | | |
− | **A vulnerability analysis by priority sector based on surveys of 60
| |
− | villages and backed up by bibliographical documents and expert opinions
| |
− | is presented in Table 10 below.**
| |
| | | |
− | Table10: Analysis of vulnerability of exposed sectors in Burkina Faso
| + | • Step up public awareness-raising and information campaigns |
| | | |
− | **Resource/ Sector** **Degree of impact** **Duration of impact** **Severity of impact** **Importance of resource/sector**
| |
− | ----------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ -----------------------------------
| |
− | **WATER** **High** **High** **High** **Very high**
| |
− | **AGRICULTURE** **H**igh **High** **High** **Very high**
| |
− | **LIVESTOCK FARMING** **High to moderate** **High to moderate** **High to moderate** **High**
| |
− | **FORESTRY** **High to moderate** **High to moderate** **High to moderate** **High**
| |
| | | |
− | ***Source: MECV, 2007***
| + | '''''Malaria:''''' |
| | | |
− | **The analysis clearly illustrates that the agriculture and water
| |
− | sectors, which are closely interconnected and the sectors most
| |
− | permanently affected by climate change, are the most vulnerable.**
| |
| | | |
− | Studies assessing vulnerability and the capacity to adapt to climate
| + | • Provide proper treatment in all cases of simple malaria using ACT |
− | variability and change highlight the four most vulnerable key sectors,
| |
− | namely agriculture, water resources, livestock and forestry/biodiversity
| |
− | and the most vulnerable groups, namely poor rural communities (women,
| |
− | young people, small-scale farmers).
| |
| | | |
− | The most frequent elements of vulnerability in nutrition and economic
| |
− | terms include:
| |
| | | |
− | - Famine and its nutrition impacts: inability to maintain a proper
| + | • Provide intermittent preventive treatment of malaria using ITP for pregnant women and children and distribute long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) in routine mass campaigns |
− | > diet throughout the year. Some farmers eat just one meal a day at
| |
− | > critical times of the year and this impacts on the health and diet
| |
− | > of the population.
| |
| | | |
− | - Weakening of the economic base, triggering a process of
| |
− | > impoverishment: lower agricultural yields and the mortality rate
| |
− | > among cattle that survive the cycle of shocks such as drought
| |
− | > reduce both food stocks from one year to the next and revenue
| |
− | > opportunities. Women are in even worse off in this respect, as
| |
− | > they cannot generate an income by selling natural resources.
| |
| | | |
− | Poverty is an indicator of vulnerability to climate change. The poorest
| + | • Decontaminate swampy sites and waste-water and excreta |
− | are the most vulnerable as they do not have the resources needed to
| |
− | combat it. According to reports published by the National Institute of
| |
− | Statistics and Demography (INSD), poverty is worse in rural areas in
| |
− | which almost the entire population is engaged in agriculture. The
| |
− | poverty index in rural areas is 52.3, compared to the national average
| |
− | of 46.4. Poverty is also worse among women. Women have an indicator of
| |
− | 47.1, compared to 45.7 for men. Table 11 below gives an idea of poverty
| |
− | among various socio-economic groups.
| |
| | | |
− | Agriculture will always be an economic sector which is very vulnerable
| |
− | to climate change. Farmers in rural zones, women and children will be
| |
− | the groups at highest risk and proactive policies should be adopted for
| |
− | their benefit. **Farmers are the most disadvantaged and households
| |
− | engaged in subsistence farming are the worst affected. That means that a
| |
− | large proportion of farmers are vulnerable to climate change.**
| |
| | | |
− | Table11: Vulnerability of socio-economic groups.
| + | • Combat malaria vectors (indoor spraying, behaviour change communication (BCC) at mass media and community relay level, treat breeding grounds) |
| | | |
− | **Socio-economic groups** **Poverty indicator (P0)** **Depth (P1)**
| |
− | ---------------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------
| |
− | Subsistence farming 43.7 13
| |
− | Progressive farming 36.4 10.5
| |
− | Inactive 28.7 8.3
| |
− | Unemployed 23.4 6.9
| |
− | Other active 14.4 3.5
| |
− | Self-employed (non-agricultural) 8.9 2
| |
− | Unprotected workers 7.8 1.5
| |
− | Protected workers 1.3 3
| |
| | | |
− | > ***Source: INSD, 2008***
| + | | style="width: 222.3px;" data-mce-style="width: 222.3px;"| |
| | | |
− | **Declining rainfall, combined with rising temperatures, will reduce the
| + | Short-termMedium-termMedium-termMedium-term |
− | yield of millet (a rural crop) on land with low water reserves in the
| |
− | Sahelian zone. In the Sudanian zone, the yield from millet, sorghum and
| |
− | maize crops grown in deep soil will tend to increase due to the slight
| |
− | improvement in rainfall forecast for June, which will help the seeds to
| |
− | germinate. However, the yields from maize crops grown in soil with low
| |
− | useful water reserves will decline significantly in the same region due
| |
− | to the lack of water in the months of the July, August and September.**
| |
| | | |
− | 1.6.3 Livestock farming {#livestock-farming .CAD}
| + | Short-term |
− | -----------------------
| |
| | | |
− | The vulnerability analysis of the livestock farming sector will take
| + | Medium-term |
− | account of a specific but important element for livestock farmers,
| |
− | namely sensitivity which, according to *the Network of Organisations of
| |
− | African Arable and Livestock Farmers, is the exposure and ability to
| |
− | respond of populations to a very difficult environment, combined with
| |
− | the authorities\' failure to provide adequate protection of their
| |
− | citizens\' civil and social rights.*
| |
| | | |
− | ### 1.6.3.1 Sensitivity of means of existence to climate risks {#sensitivity-of-means-of-existence-to-climate-risks .PNA}
| |
| | | |
− | The climate risk sensitivity analysis suggests that the Sahelian zone is
| |
− | at highest risk in the livestock farming sector in terms of means and
| |
− | methods of existence. In terms of pastoral resources, the climate risk
| |
− | sensitivity differential appears to be insignificant between the various
| |
− | zones. Therefore, grazing lands might be exposed to the same climate
| |
− | risk and might prevent pastoral practices designed to exploit regional
| |
− | complementarities. However, livestock farming would appear to stand a
| |
− | greater chance of withstanding the impact of climate extremes in the
| |
− | South Sudanian zone (southwest). That zone will probably see enhanced
| |
− | integration of livestock farming as a result of a change to farming
| |
− | practices, with fattening simply being transferred to farm holdings.
| |
| | | |
− | ### 1.6.3.2 Sensitivity of animal species to an arid climate {#sensitivity-of-animal-species-to-an-arid-climate .PNA}
| + | Medium-termLong-term |
− | | + | |} |
− | The sensitivity of species to climate variability from a zootechnical
| + | It is planned to implement the National Adaptation Plan based on a strategy comprising five (5) axes: |
− | point of view depends on the animal\'s ability to adapt to the pastoral
| + | {| class="wikitable" |
− | resources available in its ecosystem. Monogastric animals such as
| + | |- |
− | poultry and pigs feed on local products and, comparatively speaking, are
| + | ||Strategic axis 1: |
− | less at risk than ruminants dependent on natural grazing land which,
| + | ||Build long-term capacities of institutions involved in climate change adaptation |
− | biologically speaking, do not have the same ability to adapt to an
| + | |- |
− | increasingly arid climate.
| + | ||Strategic axis 2: |
− | | + | ||Improve information systems |
− | **Sheep** are very demanding ruminants in terms of their food supply.
| + | |- |
− | They cannot ingest more than 30 % of their daily ration in the form of
| + | ||Strategic axis 3: |
− | woody products and they will only eat herbaceous food which is delicate
| |
− | and tender. They are therefore the first to feel the brunt of a lack of
| |
− | fodder.
| |
− | | |
− | **Goats** are highly resistant and can take up to 70 % of their diet (or
| |
− | even all of it for a certain period of time) in tree leaves and fruits.
| |
− | That type of food is the most frequently available even at times when
| |
− | herbaceous pastures produce poor vegetation. This enables goats to
| |
− | provide shepherds with minimum means of survival in the event of
| |
− | drought.
| |
− | | |
− | **Cattle,** like sheep, cannot ingest more than 30 % of their ration in
| |
− | the form of woody products due to the tannin content of forage.
| |
− | | |
− | However, they are happy with coarse forage and their ability to adapt
| |
− | enables them to assimilate hard straw. Like dromedaries, they are able
| |
− | to store fat in a hump. However, their main ability to adapt lies in
| |
− | their capacity to go into semi-hibernation in the hot season, with
| |
− | minimum energy expenditure and milk production, and to halt their growth
| |
− | if forage is in short supply. When forage is in abundant supply, they
| |
− | restore their fat reserves and their growth spurts.
| |
− | | |
− | **Camels** can easily do without water for several weeks if necessary
| |
− | and can ingest hard plants and even branches of thorns. They have also
| |
− | evolved the ability to store fat and to use it for energy not provided
| |
− | from forage.
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.3.3 Vulnerability of animals depending on climate scenarios {#vulnerability-of-animals-depending-on-climate-scenarios .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | Not all species of animal are at the same degree of risk under the
| |
− | various climate scenarios. The most frequent climate scenarios which
| |
− | result in loss of livestock are: drought causing a shortage of grazing,
| |
− | reduction in agricultural production, flood and hurricane winds and
| |
− | hot spells.
| |
− | | |
− | Sheep and cattle are most at risk when there is a shortage of food and
| |
− | water. In the event of poor harvest, goats and pigs are exposed to the
| |
− | risk of sale and poultry farmers are forced to cut back their staff or
| |
− | reform. During hot spells, mortality and egg drop affect laying hens.
| |
− | Floods wash away coops, sties and enclosures for small ruminants.
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.3.4 Vulnerability of production system operators to risks {#vulnerability-of-production-system-operators-to-risks .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | All production systems are vulnerable to climate risk, especially
| |
− | shortage of water and grazing. However, some have practices which enable
| |
− | them to adapt better. Shepherds have the experience to develop a
| |
− | transhumant system and usually circumvent the risk of water and grazing
| |
− | shortages. Arable/livestock farmers are sedentary operators who closely
| |
− | integrate livestock and arable farming. They therefore have the
| |
− | opportunity to set large fodder stocks aside. However, those stocks may
| |
− | be limited if grassland performs poorly and their herd may be exposed to
| |
− | the risk of a lack of drinking water. Livestock will probably have to be
| |
− | sold in the event of poor harvests in order to reimburse agricultural
| |
− | credit. Village farming practised by the poorest and the poor usually
| |
− | involves poultry, small ruminants and pigs. This livestock is at risk of
| |
− | loss in the event of poor harvests and loss of staff in the event of
| |
− | flood.
| |
− | | |
− | Fattening during the cold dry season is compromised where fodder stocks
| |
− | are low and agro-industrial by-products are expensive. Modern poultry
| |
− | farmers are often faced with increases in the price of cereals and
| |
− | significantly reduced production during hot spells.
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.3.5 Vulnerability of zones {#vulnerability-of-zones .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | Zone-based vulnerability is where livestock farming may be susceptible
| |
− | to the direct or indirect effects of climate hazards in a given
| |
− | location. It may be rural or urban. In the suburbs, improved livestock
| |
− | farming in towns such as Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso is at risk of
| |
− | increased production costs, hot spells and outbreaks of animal diseases
| |
− | caused by variations in climate factors and poor household waste
| |
− | management. In rural areas, on the other hand, that vulnerability is
| |
− | made even more complex by zones with an acute shortage of pastoral
| |
− | resources and conflicts and zones in which outbreaks of animal diseases
| |
− | occur or reoccur. This spatial vulnerability is of a temporary nature;
| |
− | it applies in periods in which rain-fed and out-of season crops are
| |
− | planted, when harvests are brought in and when water for livestock is in
| |
− | very short supply.
| |
− | | |
− | The zones most at risk of a shortage of forage are in the regions of
| |
− | Sahel, Centre-North, East, Centre-East, North and Plateau-Central.
| |
− | However, the zone from South-East to South-West is subject to a rapid
| |
− | deterioration in pastoral resources in the hot season, thereby
| |
− | compromising the length of time for which transhumant herds can stay.
| |
− | | |
− | The regions at risk of grazing conflicts are in South-West, Cascades,
| |
− | Centre-South, Boucle du Mouhoun and Centre-East, all of which are areas
| |
− | which transhumant herds use or cross. The region of Centre-North has
| |
− | become a zone at potential risk of conflict due to the obstruction of
| |
− | access corridors to watering holes by market gardens and gold panners.
| |
− | With its numerous grazing zones and well-known bore-hole (known as
| |
− | \'Forage Christine\'), the Sahel includes strategic areas to which
| |
− | livestock can withdraw in the dry period and pastoral conflict may well
| |
− | be triggered by infrastructure management.
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.3.6 Gender-based vulnerability {#gender-based-vulnerability .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | According to sociological and economic studies, gender-based
| |
− | vulnerability in the livestock farming sub-sector may severely affect
| |
− | women in rural areas in terms of membership of professional livestock
| |
− | farming associations and dispossession of animals. Women own small
| |
− | ruminants, pigs and poultry and are responsible for looking after
| |
− | lactating cows. Increasingly short periods between pockets of drought
| |
− | will exacerbate the loss of livestock as a result of sales of goats and
| |
− | pigs. Floods will temporarily stop small-scale livestock farming by
| |
− | women and young people due to the time needed to replace production
| |
− | stock. The profit margin on fattening in the dry cold season, which
| |
− | women take charge of, will narrow due to rising prices of production
| |
− | factors. Women in rural areas who initiate livestock farming in barns
| |
− | will be more dependent on men to construct the building and the land
| |
− | will revert to the latter.
| |
− | | |
− | Poor women will see a significant fall in their source of income due to
| |
− | the small quantity of milk available due to the reduction in the size of
| |
− | cow herds and their mobility. Family pig farms will operate in slow
| |
− | motion due to a shortage of local grain. Finally, farming in the
| |
− | bottomlands in the dry season will put village sheep farming at greater
| |
− | risk of an acute shortage of forage in the critical dry season.
| |
− | | |
− | {#section-1 .CAD}
| |
− | | |
− | 1.6.4 Environment and natural resources {#environment-and-natural-resources .CAD}
| |
− | ---------------------------------------
| |
− | | |
− | Precipitation in Burkina Faso fell overall from 1950 to the mid-1980s,
| |
− | rose again in the 1990s and has remained relatively stable over the past
| |
− | 20 years (LAME, 2012). According to the same source, temperatures have
| |
− | risen in the order of 0.6°C (0.15° a decade) since 1975.
| |
− | | |
− | According to the various climate scenarios developed by the LAME (2012),
| |
− | there should be no less rainfall, but the rainy season will start
| |
− | earlier and end later, there will be less rain in July and August, more
| |
− | rain in September and October and much greater variations from one year
| |
− | to the next up to 2050. There will be more frequent downpours and
| |
− | increased variability in pockets of drought at the start and end of the
| |
− | season.
| |
− | | |
− | Maximum and minimum temperatures will rise by between 2.5°C and 5°C.
| |
− | Monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET) will also rise significantly
| |
− | (by 2 to 10 mm).
| |
− | | |
− | All the changes to come will put the environmental sector and natural
| |
− | resources at risk of a number of predictable effects, namely:
| |
− | | |
− | - **biodiversity and ecosystems: the** 2007 IPCC **report predicts
| |
− | that approximately** 20 to 30 % of the animal and vegetable species
| |
− | studied to date are probably at risk of extinction if the average
| |
− | global rise in temperature exceeds 1.5°C to 2.5°C (projections for
| |
− | Burkina forecast an increase of between 2.5°C and 5°C). Based on
| |
− | that sort of rise in temperature and the associated increased in
| |
− | atmospheric concentrations of CO~2~, the projections predict
| |
− | important changes in the structure and function of ecosystems,
| |
− | ecological interactions between species and distribution areas of
| |
− | species, with mainly negative impacts on biodiversity and the goods
| |
− | and services of ecosystems. The size of the problem is such that a
| |
− | specific study is needed in order to understand the domino effect of
| |
− | the impacts;
| |
− | | |
− | - the significant variation in rainfall from one year to the next and
| |
− | the increase in potential evapotranspiration (PET) represent certain
| |
− | risks to the uninterrupted growth cycle of plants (loss of biomass).
| |
− | There is therefore a risk that the regeneration capacity of forest
| |
− | formations will be unable to compensate for timber cut for energy;
| |
− | | |
− | - more frequent and serious flooding is to be feared, with destructive
| |
− | effects on biodiversity in the bottomlands and an increase in
| |
− | water-borne diseases among wild fauna;
| |
− | | |
− | - the increase in PET combined with anthropogenic activities will
| |
− | result in faster degradation of ground vegetation and thus a
| |
− | reduction in infiltration to replenish the water table. Surface
| |
− | water will also evaporate faster and permanent water courses will
| |
− | tend to disappear with gallery forests. Evaporation currently
| |
− | accounts for losses of 60 % of the water retained by dams, putting
| |
− | fish farming, forestry and animal farming at risk, as well as the
| |
− | supply of drinking water and water for crops;
| |
− | | |
− | - increased temperatures combined with the action of the wind may
| |
− | accelerate the process of desertification and exacerbate the problem
| |
− | of bush fires and their myriad consequences;
| |
− | | |
− | - variations in rainfall from one year to the next and rising
| |
− | temperatures will expose wild fauna to regular water shortages in
| |
− | wildlife areas.
| |
− | | |
− | Generally speaking, the determining and dominant risks would appear to
| |
− | be linked to factors other than climate in this sector. Even with
| |
− | constant or improved precipitation, primary production has been
| |
− | declining year on year according to studies carried out by the LAME
| |
− | (2012). These risks will interact with climate risks (reduction in
| |
− | precipitation) and will seriously compromise primary production and the
| |
− | food network based on it.
| |
− | | |
− | In terms of vulnerability, evapotranspiration (stable to rising) is the
| |
− | main climate factor that will drive the risks and compromise the
| |
− | sustainable development of ecosystems and the services which they can
| |
− | provide to human communities.
| |
− | | |
− | In terms of the mining sector in Burkina Faso, the main potential
| |
− | comprises **gold**, **zinc, manganese, limestone, nickel**, copper,
| |
− | lead, **diamonds** and antimony. Climate change, one feature of which in
| |
− | Burkina Faso is an increase in the scale and intensity of extremes such
| |
− | as pockets of drought, will cause pressure to be exerted by the people
| |
− | on mining resources. In fact, one of the home-grown solutions
| |
− | recommended by the people in response to the impacts of drought on their
| |
− | means of existence and subsistence is to find new sources of income by
| |
− | exploiting mining sites (especially panning for gold), the consequences
| |
− | of which on the environment and human life are incontrovertible. Also,
| |
− | small-scale exploitation or gold panning cause environmental problems
| |
− | (pollution, deforestation, use of prohibited products etc.) which need
| |
− | to be addressed with a view to sustainable management of mining
| |
− | resources.
| |
− | | |
− | 1.6.5 Energy {#energy .CAD}
| |
− | ------------
| |
− | | |
− | The members of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are
| |
− | unanimously agreed that numerous natural systems are affected by climate
| |
− | change (IPCC, 2007) and that this is no longer a strictly scientific
| |
− | issue that will impact on the distant future; it is a current concern
| |
− | which impacts on national policy.
| |
− | | |
− | The message from the scientists leaves no room for doubt as to the
| |
− | direction these changes will take, even if their scope is still
| |
− | uncertain. Whatever efforts are made to reduce emissions of greenhouse
| |
− | gases, serious change is unavoidable due to the inertia of the climate
| |
− | system. Those changes will affect numerous sectors, including the energy
| |
− | sector, which has been classed third in terms of vulnerability to
| |
− | climate change (IPCC, 2007).
| |
− | | |
− | According to the \'*Multisectoral vulnerability analysis for the purpose
| |
− | of formulating a national adaptation strategy to climate change in the
| |
− | medium to long term (2025 and 2050) for Burkina Faso*\' conducted by the
| |
− | Millennium Institute (2012), other sectors of the economy (agriculture,
| |
− | livestock farming, health, environment, infrastructure, housing etc.)
| |
− | will also put pressure on the energy sector, which will become an
| |
− | important sector for climate change adaptation policies.
| |
− | | |
− | The climate variations observed and/or projected illustrate:
| |
− | | |
− | - a slight reduction in average rainfall (a reduction in the order of
| |
− | 150 mm is predicted for 2025); however, it is mainly the
| |
− | distribution in space and time that will be affected;
| |
− | | |
− | - a slight increase in average temperatures in several towns of close
| |
− | to 1°C (upward trend relative to 2.5°C for the country as a whole in
| |
− | 2025);
| |
− | | |
− | - a recurrence of meteorological extremes (flood, hurricanes etc.).
| |
− | | |
− | These forecasts might affect the energy sector as a result of:
| |
− | | |
− | - **a reduction in timber resources:** biomass accounts for 85 % of
| |
− | energy consumption at national level (MEDD, 2012). Despite the
| |
− | increase in production of commercial or fossil energies, one cannot
| |
− | discount a reduction in the use of biomass due to the precarious
| |
− | situation of the population and the soaring demography;
| |
− | | |
− | - **a reduction in hydroelectric production and thermal production:**
| |
− | the use of water for electricity production depends on the rainfall
| |
− | and drainage systems. A reduction in rainfall and increase in
| |
− | temperature and evapotranspiration may impact on potential
| |
− | hydroelectric production and security of the electricity supply.
| |
− | Similarly, an increase in meteorological extremes (floods etc.) may
| |
− | compromise the safety of structures and the operation of
| |
− | hydroelectric power stations. Climate change must also be expected
| |
− | to result in stiffer competition for water resources and additional
| |
− | demands in terms of water reserve management. Most electricity in
| |
− | Burkina is generated in thermal power stations.
| |
− | | |
− | > If the temperature rises, it may be necessary to act for two reasons:
| |
− | > first, a higher ambient temperature will reduce the performance and
| |
− | > output of thermal power stations and, second, the production capacity
| |
− | > may be reduced if there is a shortage of cooling capacity;
| |
− | | |
− | - **an increase in consumption of hydrocarbons and electricity:** a
| |
− | rise in temperature may trigger increased consumption of
| |
− | hydrocarbons due to reduced output from thermal motors used in
| |
− | transport and industry. Climate trends concern warming: (i) rising
| |
− | temperatures, especially minimum temperatures; (ii) more frequent
| |
− | hot days and nights; (iii) fewer cool nights and days; (iv)
| |
− | reduction in daily temperature differential etc. All these changes
| |
− | may cause an increase in energy consumption on several counts;
| |
− | | |
− | - **recurrent damage to transport and energy distribution
| |
− | installations:** transport and energy storage infrastructure may be
| |
− | affected by climate change on various levels. Rising temperatures
| |
− | and more frequent climate extremes (especially hurricanes) may put
| |
− | the security of electricity installations (especially transmission
| |
− | lines) at risk.
| |
− | | |
− | 1.6.6 Health {#health .CAD}
| |
− | ------------
| |
− | | |
− | As far as vulnerability to climate change of the health sector is
| |
− | concerned, the main impact will be from climate-sensitive diseases
| |
− | following meteorological events.
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.6.1 Vulnerability due to rainfall {#vulnerability-due-to-rainfall .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | As mentioned previously, studies into the impacts of climate change
| |
− | carried out by the LAME highlighted the risks of:
| |
− | | |
− | - the rainy season starting earlier and ending later, with less rain
| |
− | > in July and August and more rain in September and October;
| |
− | | |
− | - greater variation in rainfall from one year to the next;
| |
− | | |
− | - more frequent downpours;
| |
− | | |
− | - pockets of drought with greater variability at the beginning and end
| |
− | > of the season;
| |
− | | |
− | - an increase in maximum and minimum temperatures of between 2.5°C and
| |
− | > 5°C;
| |
− | | |
− | - a significant increase in monthly evapotranspiration (2 to 10 mm).
| |
− | | |
− | Damage caused by excessive rainfall, especially floods, may pose a risk
| |
− | to public health due to the precarious condition of water works and a
| |
− | gradual deterioration in the quality of water, causing outbreaks of
| |
− | water-borne diseases such as cholera, dysentery and salmonella.
| |
− | | |
− | This new situation caused by flooding might pose a risk to food security
| |
− | if harvests are destroyed, thereby also resulting in increased
| |
− | malnutrition, especially among children.
| |
− | | |
− | The health sector will also be more vulnerable to the direct effects of
| |
− | flooding, such as infection. The incidence of diarrhoeal diseases, which
| |
− | already account for a large proportion of health problems in Burkina
| |
− | Faso, might well increase.
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.6.2 Vulnerability due to rise in temperature {#vulnerability-due-to-rise-in-temperature .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | According to the climate scenarios prepared for Burkina Faso, minimum
| |
− | and maximum temperatures are expected to rise in all climate zones.A
| |
− | rise in temperature would shorten the incubation time of the parasite in
| |
− | its vector, thereby increasing the vectorial capacity of the anopheles
| |
− | mosquito. Based on these predictions, people would be at greater risk of
| |
− | catching malaria.
| |
− | | |
− | The LAME report on health suggests that malaria tends to flare up in
| |
− | periods of high humidity. Temperatures are also slightly higher at those
| |
− | times of year.
| |
− | | |
− | Similar observations suggest that heat enables the anopheles mosquito
| |
− | which transmits the parasite that causes the disease to grow more
| |
− | quickly (William Ndegwa); humid conditions increase its life expectancy
| |
− | and favour its reproduction.
| |
− | | |
− | This information suggests that there is a link between rain, rising
| |
− | temperatures and the incidence of malaria in the three climate zones of
| |
− | Burkina Faso.
| |
− | | |
− | Furthermore, high temperatures contribute directly to death from
| |
− | cardiovascular or respiratory diseases, especially among the elderly.
| |
− | | |
− | Furthermore, the presence of ozone and other pollutants in the air that
| |
− | exacerbate cardiovascular and respiratory diseases increase when the
| |
− | temperature rises.
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.6.3 Vulnerability due to other factors {#vulnerability-due-to-other-factors .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | Other factors, such as humidity and dust may encourage certain diseases.
| |
− | Cerebro-spinal meningitis epidemics occur during the dry season, which
| |
− | coincides with periods of low humidity and dusty conditions and
| |
− | disappear with the onset of the rainy season (Molesworth, 2003[^2]).
| |
− | | |
− | One study carried out in Burkina Faso illustrates that cerebro-spinal
| |
− | meningitis epidemics occur at a particular time of year, namely between
| |
− | January and May, when the climate is dry and hot (Harmattan) and the
| |
− | atmosphere is dusty (Yaka[^3]*et a*l. 2008).
| |
− | | |
− | According to the LAME 2012 health report, the period when most cases of
| |
− | meningitis are reported (October to December) coincides with rising
| |
− | temperatures and increasing wind speeds. As the temperature falls,
| |
− | humidity rises and as the winds drop, fewer cases of meningitis are
| |
− | reported. That is the period from June to October. Another major factor
| |
− | identified is that more and more cases of meningitis are reported when
| |
− | humidity falls and temperatures and wind speeds increase. The impact of
| |
− | climate change on the health sector will be greater in zones in which
| |
− | climate projections forecast rising temperatures and a reduction in
| |
− | rainfall.
| |
− | | |
− | 1.6.7.Infrastructure and housing {#infrastructure-and-housing .CAD}
| |
− | --------------------------------
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.7.1 Vulnerability of roads and associated structures {#vulnerability-of-roads-and-associated-structures .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | According to findings in LAME studies, failure to complete road
| |
− | structures (waste-water facilities) during housing developments
| |
− | represents a serious handicap in terms of the maintenance of road
| |
− | infrastructure. This results in torrential runoff of rainwater, which
| |
− | erodes the soil around the road infrastructure, which is already in poor
| |
− | condition. During the rainy season, run-off erodes gullies and breaks up
| |
− | the tarmac at the side of the road. According to the LAME, climate
| |
− | change will result in faster deterioration of roads due to rainwater,
| |
− | hence the need for emergency action to repair all structures by
| |
− | restoring the road surfaces which have been washed away.
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.7.2 Vulnerability of housing {#vulnerability-of-housing .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | Climate projections based on LAME studies suggest that the high number
| |
− | of rainy days and long rainy seasons will have a negative impact on
| |
− | buildings, especially makeshift housing made of adobe. That is because
| |
− | adobe is a porous material which absorbs water until it is saturated, at
| |
− | which point it collapses.
| |
− | | |
− | Moreover, during the rainy season, the extremely heavy rainfall weakens
| |
− | buildings, especially those made of adobe. The same impact will be seen
| |
− | if the rainy season is long. Thus buildings will mostly deteriorate
| |
− | under the effect of heavy run-off of large quantities of water brought
| |
− | by a long rainy season.
| |
− | | |
− | When maximum rainfall falls in a single day, housing and public
| |
− | facilities may give way under the effect of erosion caused by run-off
| |
− | which may even be sufficient to cause flooding.
| |
− | | |
− | The same type of impact might affect this infrastructure if maximum
| |
− | rainfall over five (5) consecutive days, rainfall on very rainy days and
| |
− | downpours result in large quantities of water. Similarly, if the longest
| |
− | sequences of consecutive rainy days are longer and there is a large
| |
− | number of days with rainfall in excess of 40 mm, this is likely to have
| |
− | the same impact on this infrastructure.
| |
− | | |
− | Exposure to wind and relative humidity helps to determine the
| |
− | characteristics and sustainability of housing and public facilities.
| |
− | | |
− | Hurricanes may cause buildings and even public facilities to collapse or
| |
− | be damaged. Humidity will have an impact when it is high, at which point
| |
− | it may cause adobe housing to collapse.
| |
− | | |
− | To conclude, climate change will cause serious challenges for several
| |
− | types of infrastructure, as they are designed based on an analysis of
| |
− | historic climate data, the relevance of which must be questioned in a
| |
− | situation in which climate conditions are changing. The challenge is
| |
− | even greater where the planned lifetime of infrastructure exceeds
| |
− | several decades, as a result of which it will be exposed to climate
| |
− | conditions which differ from those for which it was designed.
| |
− | | |
− | Several non-climate-related factors make infrastructure even more
| |
− | vulnerable to climate change, such as ageing buildings, poor planning
| |
− | and design, lack of adequate maintenance and change of use of
| |
− | infrastructure. Physical planning, which also affects the type and
| |
− | intensity of infrastructure use, is another fundamental factor that will
| |
− | determine the scope and extent of impacts on the built environment and
| |
− | communities.
| |
− | | |
− | 1.6.8 Horizontal issues {#horizontal-issues .CAD}
| |
− | -----------------------
| |
− | | |
− | The main horizontal issues are the need to take account of water
| |
− | security, the situation of women in terms of climate change adaptation
| |
− | and the involvement of civil society organisations. It is important to
| |
− | note that, when the NAP was formulated, it was expressly decided to
| |
− | focus on questions of water security and the situation of women, as they
| |
− | are vulnerable at various interdependent levels.
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.8.1 Vulnerability of water resources {#vulnerability-of-water-resources .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | The impacts of climate variability and change on water resources in
| |
− | Burkina Faso will depend on rainfall and temperature and how they change
| |
− | within the water cycle (in this case the continental cycle of the
| |
− | Sahelian zone). Rainfall induced by evapotranspiration feeds water
| |
− | courses and penetrates the subsoil and the water flows in aquifers which
| |
− | necessarily relate to a zone which can be identified in space and time
| |
− | known as a catchment area, the limits of which are determined by
| |
− | watersheds.
| |
− | | |
− | The water resource forecasts based on the LAME studies indicate that the
| |
− | annual volume of water will fall in two of the catchment areas in
| |
− | Burkina Faso and increase in the other two. In 2050, the volume of water
| |
− | will be much lower than the normal level in 1961-1990 across all
| |
− | catchment areas of Burkina Faso. There will be a drop of 68.9 % for the
| |
− | Comoé, 73 % for the Mouhoun, 29.9 % for the Nakanbé and 41.4% for the
| |
− | Niger.
| |
− | | |
− | The vulnerability of water resources also applies to aquifers. The
| |
− | vulnerability of groundwater manifests in the form of falling
| |
− | piezometric levels of subsurface waters (extracted via large diameter
| |
− | wells) and bottomland and wetland waters and of deep waters in certain
| |
− | aquifers fed by efficient infiltration of pore water and of drying out
| |
− | of natural sources or a very marked reduction in their flow rate.
| |
− | | |
− | Reduced rainfall, evaporation, evapotranspiration, run-off and
| |
− | infiltration, erosion and sedimentation are natural factors which make
| |
− | water a rare resource in Burkina Faso. This shortage will have a serious
| |
− | impact on the vulnerability to climate change of other sectors which are
| |
− | important to the development of Burkina Faso, namely agriculture,
| |
− | livestock farming, the environment, energy, health, infrastructure and
| |
− | housing.
| |
− | | |
− | a) **Agriculture**
| |
− | | |
− | The vulnerability of water resources is felt in the agricultural sector
| |
− | in terms of reduced crop yields and a reduction in food stocks and
| |
− | increasing poverty in the countryside where out-of-season crops have
| |
− | enabled people to adapt. The availability of water resources is in large
| |
− | part what determines the vulnerability of this sector.
| |
− | | |
− | b) **Livestock farming**
| |
− | | |
− | The vulnerability of the livestock farming sector depends on the
| |
− | vulnerability of water resources in that growth in that sector depends
| |
− | on the availability of that resource. In fact, the current livestock
| |
− | farming system (sedentary or transhumant) depends heavily on the
| |
− | availability of water and of grazing in the wetlands. It goes without
| |
− | saying that the vulnerability of the livestock farming sector depends on
| |
− | the vulnerability of water resources.
| |
− | | |
− | c) **Environment**
| |
− | | |
− | The vulnerability of water resources in the environment sector may
| |
− | compromise the balance of ecosystems and, by extension, biodiversity.
| |
− | Similarly, the vulnerability of the environment may affect the
| |
− | vulnerability of water resources in the sense that degradation of ground
| |
− | vegetation will case a reduction in infiltration to replenish the water
| |
− | table. Moreover, this vulnerability of the environment will contribute
| |
− | to the degradation of river banks and water bodies or even the
| |
− | disappearance of the wetlands. As well as being reservoirs of
| |
− | biodiversity, the wetlands help to replenish aquifers, naturally purify
| |
− | the water and limit flooding.
| |
− | | |
− | The vulnerability of the environmental sector and of water resources are
| |
− | interdependent.
| |
− | | |
− | d) **Energy**
| |
− | | |
− | The vulnerability of water resources is felt in the energy sector in
| |
− | general and the electricity sector in particular. In fact, the
| |
− | vulnerability of the energy sector in Burkina Faso is partly affected by
| |
− | the availability of water resources to feed power dams. It is also felt
| |
− | to a lesser degree in the consumption of wood for energy, as numerous
| |
− | wetlands provide the locals with firewood.
| |
− | | |
− | e) **Health**
| |
− | | |
− | The impact of the vulnerability of water resources on the health sector
| |
− | takes the form of damage caused by excessive rainfall, especially
| |
− | floods, which may pose a risk to public health due to the precarious
| |
− | condition of water works and a gradual deterioration in the quality of
| |
− | water, causing outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as cholera,
| |
− | dysentery and salmonella. This risk of flooding might pose a risk to
| |
− | food security if harvests are destroyed, thereby also resulting in
| |
− | increased malnutrition, especially among children.
| |
− | | |
− | The health sector will also be more vulnerable to the direct effects of
| |
− | flooding, such as infection and diarrhoeal diseases.
| |
− | | |
− | f) **Infrastructure and housing**
| |
− | | |
− | The vulnerability of water resources in this sector manifests at the
| |
− | level of road structures, housing and water resource mobilisation
| |
− | structures. In fact, failure to complete road structures (waste-water
| |
− | facilities) during housing developments represents a serious handicap in
| |
− | terms of the maintenance of road infrastructure. This results in
| |
− | torrential runoff of rainwater, which erodes the soil around the road
| |
− | infrastructure, which is already in poor condition. During the rainy
| |
− | season, run-off erodes gullies and breaks up the tarmac at the side of
| |
− | the road.
| |
− | | |
− | At the housing level, climate projections based on LAME studies suggest
| |
− | that the high number of rainy days and violent downpours will have a
| |
− | negative impact on buildings, especially makeshift housing made of
| |
− | adobe. Thus buildings will mostly deteriorate under the effect of heavy
| |
− | run-off of large quantities of water brought by a long rainy season.
| |
− | | |
− | g) **Women and civil society organisations (CSO)**
| |
− | | |
− | The impact of the vulnerability of water resources here concerns
| |
− | (quantitative and qualitative) access to water, firewood and other
| |
− | forest resources which provide women with a source of income (supply
| |
− | difficulties).
| |
− | | |
− | ### 1.6.8.2 Vulnerability of women in terms of access to resources {#vulnerability-of-women-in-terms-of-access-to-resources .PNA}
| |
− | | |
− | Women are more vulnerable to climate change than men. Climate variations
| |
− | have a direct impact on their life. In their own words: \'*You have to
| |
− | walk further to find wood. Our wells have dried up, You can\'t find
| |
| | | |
− | SP/CONEDD, 2013: National Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Burkina
| + | The NAP will be coordinated and steered by the following government bodies: |
− | Faso. Sectoral report: Infrastructure and housing. Ouagadougou. BURKINA
| |
− | FASO. 46 pages.
| |
| | | |
− | SP/CONEDD, 2013: National Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Burkina
| + | * National Council for the Environment and Sustainable Development > (CONEDD) |
− | Faso. Sectoral report: Women\'s associations. Ouagadougou. BURKINA FASO.
| + | * Permanent Secretariat of the National Council for the Environment > and Sustainable Development (PS/CONEDD). |
− | 75 pages.
| |
| | | |
− | SP/CONEDD, 2013: National Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Burkina
| + | If it is to play its full part and achieve its objectives, the NAP will need to be supplemented at a later date by a rigorous monitoring/assessment system and an operational communication strategy.The NAP monitoring and assessment mechanism will be exactly the same as that of the AGSDS and will comprise: (i) annual review of the NAP; (ii) sectoral reviews and (iii) regional reviews.To conclude: despite the naturally unfavourable conditions which exist in Burkina Faso, solutions exist that will enable it to move towards sustainable development. Political decision-makers will need to ensure that climate change adaptation is at the heart of development policies and strategies. Moreover, all development stakeholders (State, technical and financial partners, private sector, civil society organisations, international community) need to join forces to combat climate change. In that context, the NAP is a suitable reference framework which will enable all stakeholders to pool their efforts with a view to helping Burkina Faso reduce its structural vulnerability, increase its resilience and manage its development better.<p> |
− | Faso. Sectoral report: Civil society organisations. Ouagadougou. BURKINA | |
− | FASO. 83 pages.
| |
| | | |
− | THIEBA D., OUATTARA I., 2013: Final evaluation of the Africa Adaptation
| |
− | Programme. Burkina Faso: PANA-BKF-PNUD/Japan. Final version. 71 pages
| |
| | | |
− | UNFCCC, 2013: Training workshops held in 2012-2013 by an LDC Expert
| + | ==INTRODUCTION== |
− | Group.
| |
| | | |
− | YAKA, P., 2008: \"Rôles des facteurs climatiques et environnementaux
| |
− | dans l'apparition et la prédiction des épidémies de méningite
| |
− | cérébro-spinale en zone sahélo-soudanienne de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; cas
| |
− | du Burkina Faso et du Niger \[Role of climate and environmental factors
| |
− | in the emergence and forecasting of cerebrospinal meningitis epidemics
| |
− | in the Sahelo-Sudanian zone of Western Africa; example of Burkina Faso
| |
− | and Niger\]\", Monday 21 April 2008. Paris: Pierre and Marie Curie
| |
− | University, doctoral thesis.
| |
| | | |
− | **\
| + | The government of Burkina Faso, with the support of the UNDP as a Global Environment Facility (GEF) implementing agency, started to prepare its National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change (NAPA) in 2005. In November 2007, the NAPA was adopted at national level. Three adaptation projects were prepared and implemented between 2009 and 2014 under the leadership of the Ministry of Environment and the UNDP. |
− | SECTORAL National Adaptation PlanS CONSULTED:**
| + | At the present stage, Burkina Faso is expected to have an adaptation efficacy and cost evaluation document for the medium and long term for several sectors based on the following elements: |
| | | |
− | - Agriculture,
| + | * Analysis of local climate change (CC) scenarios up to 2025 and 2050 > where data are available |
| + | * Analysis of vulnerability to CC of target sectors. |
| | | |
− | - Livestock farming,
| + | Furthermore, the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted decision 5/CP.17 on NAPs at its 17th session held in Durban (South Africa) from 28 November to 11 December 2011 in the aim of helping the least developed countries take better account of climate change in development policies and strategies. |
| | | |
− | - Environment and natural resources,
| + | The aforementioned decision 5/CP.17: |
| | | |
− | - Healthcare,
| + | * 'Invites least developed country Parties to use the guidelines and modalities contained in this decision, in accordance with their national circumstances, in preparing their national adaptation plans'. |
| + | * 'Also invites the least developed country Parties to strive to implement institutional arrangements to facilitate their national adaptation plan process, building on existing institutions and consistent with their national circumstances'. |
| | | |
− | - Energy,
| + | Burkina Faso decided to prepare an NAP in response to that decision. In order to do so, a multidisciplinary team of experts was set up at national level to prepare the NAP, taking account of gender and of civil society. Experts were appointed from the following fields and sectors: (i) agriculture; (ii) animal production; (iii) environment and natural resources; (iv) meteorology; (v) energy; (vi) health; (vii) infrastructure and housing; (viii) women's associations; (ix) civil society organisations. The experts are listed in the annex. |
| | | |
− | - Infrastructure and housing,
| + | In order to take proper account of water security, the NAP took account of the written input received from the Global Water Partnership West Africa and the Burkina National Water Partnership. |
| | | |
− | - Women\'s associations,
| + | In fact, these two partners offered their services to the national coordination agency for NAPA projects by providing a consultant who specialises in water and by cofinancing workshops with stakeholders. |
| | | |
− | - Civil society organisations. | + | ===FORMULATION OF NAP - NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES=== |
| | | |
− | **OTHER DOCUMENTS CONSULTED:**
| + | Burkina Faso, like many other developing and certain developed countries, has ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). For the international community, ratification implied a pledge to be better prepared to contain the impact of climate change through national communications, policies and measures to mitigate the greenhouse effect, national climate change adaptation programmes and systematic monitoring of the problem. |
| | | |
− | - Report by the National Water Partnership of Burkina Faso, 2014: Plan
| + | Burkina Faso started the process to formulate its NAPA following ratification of the Kyoto Protocol in March 2005. The NAPA, the main objective of which was to identify priority actions based on the urgent and immediate need for adaptation among vulnerable populations (poor rural populations), was adopted in November 2007 and included the following key intervention sectors: agriculture, water resources, animal resources and forestry/biodiversity. |
− | national d'adaptation aux changements climatiques du Burkina Faso.
| |
− | Prise en compte de la sécurité en eau \[National Climate Change
| |
− | Adaptation Plan. Water Security Issues\]. 34 pages.
| |
| | | |
− | - MEAHA, 2014: Contribution à l'amélioration du plan national
| + | By ratifying the UNFCCC, Burkina Faso qualified for the Adaptation in Africa Programme (AAP) launched by the UNDP with funding from the Japanese government. In fact, following signature of the Convention in October 2008 between the UNDP and Japan on the implementation of the AAP, twenty (20) African countries, including Burkina Faso, were granted funding for their climate variability and change adaptation programmes. That was made possible by the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) held in 2008. |
− | d'adaptation aux changements climatiques secteur eau et
| |
− | assainissement, Ministères de l'Eau, des Aménagements Hydrauliques
| |
− | et de l'Assainissement (MEAHA) \[Proposal for Improvements to the
| |
− | National Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the Water and Sanitation
| |
− | Sector, Ministries of Water, Hydraulic Structures and Sanitation\].
| |
− | 8 pages.
| |
| | | |
− | **ANNEXES**
| + | In 2009, two years after validation of its NAPA, Burkina Faso was granted UNDP support in order to mobilise funding with a view to combined implementation of the following three (3) projects: |
| | | |
− | **[Annex]{.underline}** **[1:]{.underline}**List of national experts | + | * Capacity-building in order to adapt and reduce vulnerability to climate change in Burkina Faso (NAPA-BKF-UNDP/GEF) |
− | consulted when drafting the operational programme
| + | * Adaptation to climate change with a view to improving human security in Burkina Faso (NAPA-BKF-UNDP/DANIDA); |
| + | * Capacity-building in order to take better account of climate change-related concerns during the preparation and implementation of development plans, programmes and projects (NAPA-BKF-UNDP/Japan). |
| | | |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| + | These three projects operated in tandem in order to improve their implementation, as they are complementary and are respectively designed to increase awareness of the impact of climate change, test best practices or adaptation technology packages and underpin strategic planning that takes account of climate change. |
− | | ** | **Surname and first | **Contact details** |
| |
− | | Sectors/structures** | name** | |
| |
− | +======================+======================+======================+
| |
− | | Environment and | Rigobert BAYALA | rigober |
| |
− | | natural resources | | tbayala\@hotmail.com |
| |
− | | | | |
| |
− | | | | 76 86 36 36, 70 54 |
| |
− | | | | 02 62 |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Agriculture | Dr OUEDRAOGO | oue |
| |
− | | | Souleymane | dsouley\@hotmail.com |
| |
− | | | | / 70278473 |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Livestock production | SOME Désiré | a |
| |
− | | | | desiresome\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | / 70248429 |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Healthcare | Dr S. KOUANDA | sekouanda\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Meteorology | GARANE Ali Jacques | ajgarane\@yahoo.fr / |
| |
− | | | | 76674595 |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Infrastructure and | Sanou Valérie | goungoun |
| |
− | | housing | | gavalerie\@yahoo.fr; |
| |
− | | | | 76 68 09 99, 78 88 |
| |
− | | | | 58 69 |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Climate change | Ms. KI /THIOMBIANO | coletteki |
| |
− | | coalition of civil | Colette | thiombiano\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | society | | / 70356680 |
| |
− | | organisations | | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Women\'s | Ms. SOME Madjelia | dao.ebou\@yahoo.com |
| |
− | | associations | | / 70266509 |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | SP/CONEDD/PFCC | KABORE Augustin | ka |
| |
− | | \[Préparation pour | | baugustino\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | le changement | | / 70124485 |
| |
− | | climatique, | | |
| |
− | | Preparations for | | |
| |
− | | Climate Change\] | | |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
− | | Energy | YABRE D. Isaac | yabrosis\@gmail.com |
| |
− | | | | 70 73 81 79 |
| |
− | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
| | | |
− | **[Annex]{.underline}** **[2:]{.underline}**Composition of Technical | + | * An analysis of NAPAs in LDC illustrated that they had encountered > numerous difficulties in both the formulation and implementation > stages: |
− | Committee for Monitoring of the National Adaptation Plan
| + | – delays during formulation; |
| + | – insufficient account taken of climate change in development > policies and strategies; |
| + | – insufficient financing during implementation. |
| | | |
− | ![](media/image1.emf){width="6.284027777777778in"
| + | Climate change adaptation is no longer a choice; it is instrumental to sustainable development. A process of inclusive and efficient involvement of all stakeholders must be put in place in order to combat the harmful effects of climate change. |
− | height="8.891666666666667in"}
| |
| | | |
− | **[Annex]{.underline}** **[3]{.underline}**: Participants in training
| + | It is currently recognised that the NAPA is in urgent need of review and that a national adaptation plan on climate change (NAP) urgently needs to be adopted. This advantage of this new vision is that it takes better account of climate change in development policies and strategies. |
− | course on T21 model
| |
| | | |
− | 1. **Core team**
| + | In order to gain a better understanding of the results expected of the NAP, it is important to understand the similarities and differences between an NAPA and an NAP. Both an NAPA and an NAP have the same goal, namely to reduce vulnerability to the impact of climate change by: |
| | | |
− | --------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- -----------------------------------
| + | * minimising, reducing or preventing risks and |
− | **No.** **Surname and first name(s)** **Structure** **Telephone number** **E-mail address**
| + | * improving the capacity to adapt to climate change. |
− | 1 TRAORE Seydou Eric University of Ouagadougou. 70.20.37.64 eric.seydou.traore\@2ie-edu.org
| |
− | 2 BATHIEBO D. Joseph University of Ouagadougou 76.65.09.42 jbathiebo\@univ-ouaga.bf
| |
− | 3 NIANGAO Issaka INSD \[Institut national de la statistique et de la démographie, National Institute of Statistics and Demographics\] 71.40.52.92 niangaoiss\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 4 ZOUGOURI Remi SP/CONEDD/DCIME \[Division du Développement des Compétences, de l'Information et du Monitoring en Environnement, Division for the Development of Environmental Competencies, Information and Monitoring\] 70.16.82.65 zkremi\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 5 COMPAORE Halidou INERA \[Institut de l\'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Institute for the Environment and Agricultural Research\] 70-32-97-89 halidou21\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 6 PARE Lassina DGPER \[Direction Générale de la Promotion de l\'Economie Rurale, Directorate-General for Promotion of the Rural Economy\]/DPSAA \[Direction des Prévisions et des Statistiques Agricoles et Alimentaires, Directorate for Agricultural and Food Forecasts and Statistics\] 70.28.80.26 parelas\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 7 YAKA Pascal DGM \[Direction Générale de la Météorologie, Directorate-General for Meteorology\]/Météo 75-40-00-11 pascal\_yaka\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 8 BAMOGO Célestin MRA \[Ministère des ressources animales, Ministry of Animal Resources/DGPSE \[Direction Générale de la Prévision et des Statistiques de l\'Elevage, Directorate-General for Livestock Farming Forecasts and Statistics\] 70.56.65.97 bamocelest\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 9 ZEBA Abdoulaye DEP \[Direction des études et de la planification, Directorate for Research and Planning\]/MMCE \[Ministère des Mines, des Carrières et de l\'Energie, Ministry of Mines, Quarries and Energy\] 70.09.90.41 abdallah\_zeba\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 10 BAYILI Gilbert UO \[Université de Ouagadougou, University of Ouagadougou\]/LAME \[Laboratoire des Matériaux et Environnement, Laboratory of Materials and the Environment\] 70-10-50-48 [bgilbert8\@yahoo.fr]{.underline}
| |
− | 11 ILBOUDO Pierre Claver 2iE 70-29-61-73 iclav\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 12 TELLIANO David LAME/2iE 79-03-36-94 davtal181\@gmail.com
| |
− | 13 KAM Sami LAME/2iE 78-73-26-55 sami.kam\@live.fr
| |
− | 14 SANKARA T. Bakari University of Ouagadougou 78.24.74.93 sankbak82\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 15 BANI SAMARI Saïdou University of Ouagadougou 78-05-77-27 Saidou.bani\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 16 TIMACK NGOM CLUVA St-Louis leontimack\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | 17 Youssoufou OUEDRAOGO University of Ouagadougou 75-97-81-22 [yissfu\@gmail.com]{.underline}
| |
− | 18 SEYDOU TOURE LAME team (University of Ouagadougou) 70-25-42-93 seydout\@yahoo.fr
| |
− | --------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- -----------------------------------
| |
| | | |
− | 2. **\
| + | However, an NAPA and an NAP have different objectives, which can be summarised as follows: |
− | Contact persons responsible for data collection**
| |
| | | |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| + | <Table 1: Similarities and differences between an NAPA and an NAP> |
− | | **No.** | ** | * | ** | * | |
| |
− | | | Sector** | *Contact | Entity** | *Contact | |
| |
− | | | | p | | d | |
| |
− | | | | ersons** | | etails** | |
| |
− | +=========+==========+==========+==========+==========+==========+
| |
− | | | | | | T | E-mail |
| |
− | | | | | | elephone | address |
| |
− | | | | | | number | |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 1. | ENERGY | COMPAORE | DGM | 78. | ablasse |
| |
− | | | | K. | | 82.24.20 | \_c\@hot |
| |
− | | | | Ablassé | | | mail.com |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 2. | | O | DGM | 76. | aimso |
| |
− | | | | UEDRAOGO | | 56.70.12 | noued4\@ |
| |
− | | | | Aimé | | | yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | Evariste | | | |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 3. | HE | O | DGISS | 70. | boureima |
| |
− | | | ALTHCARE | UEDRAOGO | \[D | 35.46.16 | o-2001\@ |
| |
− | | | | Boureima | irection | | yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | | Générale | | |
| |
− | | | | | de | | |
| |
− | | | | | l\'Inf | | |
| |
− | | | | | ormation | | |
| |
− | | | | | et | | |
| |
− | | | | | des Stat | | |
| |
− | | | | | istiques | | |
| |
− | | | | | San | | |
| |
− | | | | | itaires, | | |
| |
− | | | | | Dir | | |
| |
− | | | | | ectorate | | |
| |
− | | | | | -General | | |
| |
− | | | | | for | | |
| |
− | | | | | Sanitary | | |
| |
− | | | | | Inf | | |
| |
− | | | | | ormation | | |
| |
− | | | | | and | | |
| |
− | | | | | Stati | | |
| |
− | | | | | stics\]/ | | |
| |
− | | | | | Ministry | | |
| |
− | | | | | of | | |
| |
− | | | | | Health | | |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 4. | | A | DGISS/ | | banasi |
| |
− | | | | bdoulaye | Ministry | | ra2006\@ |
| |
− | | | | C | of | | yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | oulibaly | Health | | |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 5. | WATER | BIKIENGA | Ministry | 70. | Issa\_bi |
| |
− | | | | Issa | of | 26.07.58 | kienga\@ |
| |
− | | | | Martin | Agr | | yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | | iculture | | |
| |
− | | | | | and | | |
| |
− | | | | | Hy | | |
| |
− | | | | | draulics | | |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 6. | LAND AND | MIDIOUR | S | 78. | mid |
| |
− | | | INFRAS | Sami | E/SG/MHU | 81.65.35 | \_sami\@ |
| |
− | | | TRUCTURE | | \[Sec | | yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | | rétariat | | |
| |
− | | | | | du | | |
| |
− | | | | | Se | | |
| |
− | | | | | crétaire | | |
| |
− | | | | | Général, | | |
| |
− | | | | | M | | |
| |
− | | | | | inistère | | |
| |
− | | | | | de | | |
| |
− | | | | | l\ | | |
| |
− | | | | | 'Habitat | | |
| |
− | | | | | et de | | |
| |
− | | | | | l\'Ur | | |
| |
− | | | | | banisme, | | |
| |
− | | | | | Sec | | |
| |
− | | | | | retariat | | |
| |
− | | | | | for the | | |
| |
− | | | | | Se | | |
| |
− | | | | | cretary- | | |
| |
− | | | | | General, | | |
| |
− | | | | | Ministry | | |
| |
− | | | | | of | | |
| |
− | | | | | Housing | | |
| |
− | | | | | and | | |
| |
− | | | | | Urban | | |
| |
− | | | | | Devel | | |
| |
− | | | | | opment\] | | |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 7. | | | | | |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 8. | ENV | BOMBIRI | DEES | 70. | pb |
| |
− | | | IRONMENT | Paul | \[D | 25.45.62 | ombiri\@ |
| |
− | | | | | irection | | yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | | de | | |
| |
− | | | | | l\' | | |
| |
− | | | | | économie | | |
| |
− | | | | | de | | |
| |
− | | | | | l\'envir | | |
| |
− | | | | | onnement | | |
| |
− | | | | | et des | | |
| |
− | | | | | stati | | |
| |
− | | | | | stiques, | | |
| |
− | | | | | Dir | | |
| |
− | | | | | ectorate | | |
| |
− | | | | | for the | | |
| |
− | | | | | Economy, | | |
| |
− | | | | | the | | |
| |
− | | | | | Env | | |
| |
− | | | | | ironment | | |
| |
− | | | | | and | | |
| |
− | | | | | S | | |
| |
− | | | | | tatistic | | |
| |
− | | | | | s\]/MEDD | | |
| |
− | | | | | \[M | | |
| |
− | | | | | inistère | | |
| |
− | | | | | de | | |
| |
− | | | | | l'envir | | |
| |
− | | | | | onnement | | |
| |
− | | | | | et du | | |
| |
− | | | | | dével | | |
| |
− | | | | | oppement | | |
| |
− | | | | | durable, | | |
| |
− | | | | | Ministry | | |
| |
− | | | | | of the | | |
| |
− | | | | | Env | | |
| |
− | | | | | ironment | | |
| |
− | | | | | and | | |
| |
− | | | | | Sus | | |
| |
− | | | | | tainable | | |
| |
− | | | | | Devel | | |
| |
− | | | | | opment\] | | |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 9. | | BE | MEDD | 50. | ubele |
| |
− | | | | LEMSOBGO | | 30.77.51 | msobgo\@ |
| |
− | | | | Urbain | | | yahoo.fr |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 10. | | SIDIBE | Env | | norbert |
| |
− | | | | Norbert | ironment | | sidibe\@ |
| |
− | | | | | -- DCIME | | yahoo.fr |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
− | | 11. | CLIMATE | Michel | DGM | 78. | mich |
| |
− | | | | P. | | 90.19.52 | el78us\@ |
| |
− | | | | Nikiema | | | yahoo.fr |
| |
− | +---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |
| | | |
− | 3. **\
| + | The Burkina Faso NAP was formulated with due regard for the following elements: |
− | Sectoral focal points**
| |
| | | |
− | +---------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| + | * results of climate foresights; |
− | | **No.** | **Surname | **Sector - | **Telephone | **E-mail |
| + | * assessment of the vulnerability of various sectors to climate change > led by national and international institutions; |
− | | | and first | Entity** | number** | address** |
| + | * acquis from pilot NAPA projects. |
− | | | name(s)** | | | |
| |
− | +---------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| |
− | | 1. | MIDJIOU Sami | In | 78.81.65.35 | mid\_sa |
| |
− | | | | frastructure | | mi\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | - SE/SG/MHU | | |
| |
− | +---------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| |
− | | 2. | Bikienga | Directo | | |
| |
− | | | Issa Martin | rate-General | | |
| |
− | | | | for Water | | |
| |
− | | | | Resources | | |
| |
− | +---------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| |
− | | 3. | DIANE | Permanent | 70.32.37.79 | buba |
| |
− | | | Aboubacar | Secretary of | | zi\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | CONASUR | | |
| |
− | | | | \[Conseil | | |
| |
− | | | | National de | | |
| |
− | | | | Secours | | |
| |
− | | | | d\'Urgence | | |
| |
− | | | | et de | | |
| |
− | | | | Réh | | |
| |
− | | | | abilitation, | | |
| |
− | | | | National | | |
| |
− | | | | Council for | | |
| |
− | | | | Emergency | | |
| |
− | | | | Aid and | | |
| |
− | | | | Reha | | |
| |
− | | | | bilitation\] | | |
| |
− | | | | within | | |
| |
− | | | | MASSN | | |
| |
− | | | | \[Ministère | | |
| |
− | | | | de l\'Action | | |
| |
− | | | | Sociale et | | |
| |
− | | | | de la | | |
| |
− | | | | Solidarité | | |
| |
− | | | | Nationale, | | |
| |
− | | | | Ministry of | | |
| |
− | | | | Social | | |
| |
− | | | | Action and | | |
| |
− | | | | National | | |
| |
− | | | | Solidarity\] | | |
| |
− | +---------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| |
− | | 4. | KABORE | SP/CONEDD | 70.12.44.85 | kabaugusti |
| |
− | | | Augustin | | | no\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | +---------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| |
| | | |
− | 4. **T21 Section/CEDEAO \[Communauté économique des États de l\'Afrique
| |
− | de l\'Ouest, Economic Community of West African States\]/Burkina
| |
− | Faso**
| |
| | | |
− | +---------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| + | ===METHODOLOGY=== |
− | | **No.** | **Surname and | **Sector - | Contact details |
| |
− | | | first name(s)** | Entity** | |
| |
− | +---------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| |
− | | 1\. | TASSIMBEDO | Permanent | MEF/CNPE CMS 912 |
| |
− | | | Tapsoba M. | Secretary of | Ouaga CMS11 |
| |
− | | | Beatrice | CNPE \[Comité | |
| |
− | | | | National de | Telephone |
| |
− | | | | Politique | number: +226 50 |
| |
− | | | | Economique, | 30 80 87 /\ |
| |
− | | | | National | +221 77 39 |
| |
− | | | | Committee for | 75 115 |
| |
− | | | | Economic | |
| |
− | | | | Policy\]/PCD | Fax: 226 50 30 |
| |
− | | | | \[Programme | 80 84 |
| |
− | | | | communautaire de | |
| |
− | | | | developpement, | E-mail: |
| |
− | | | | Community | tasbea\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | Development | |
| |
− | | | | Programme\] | |
| |
− | +---------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| |
− | | 2\. | Mamoudou SEBEGO | Economist | Ministry of the |
| |
− | | | | | Economy and |
| |
− | | | | | Finance. |
| |
− | | | | | Dir |
| |
− | | | | | ectorate-General |
| |
− | | | | | for the Economy |
| |
− | | | | | and Planning |
| |
− | | | | | |
| |
− | | | | | Telephone number |
| |
− | | | | | and fax: +226 50 |
| |
− | | | | | 30 80 84 |
| |
− | | | | | Seb\_a |
| |
− | | | | | hmed79\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | +---------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| |
− | | 3\. | Samuel T. KABORE | National | University of |
| |
− | | | | Consultant for | Ouagadougou 03 |
| |
− | | | | the Community | BP 7021 Ouaga 01 |
| |
− | | | | Development | |
| |
− | | | | Programme | Tel: +(226) 70 |
| |
− | | | | | 28 71 16 |
| |
− | | | | | |
| |
− | | | | | E-mail: |
| |
− | | | | | st |
| |
− | | | | | kabore\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | | | | | /\ |
| |
− | | | | | samuel.kabor |
| |
− | | | | | e\@univ-ouaga.bf |
| |
− | +---------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| |
− | | 4\. | Seyni DA | Macroeconomist | CNPE, MEF, 11 BP |
| |
− | | | | for the National | 912 CMS 11 |
| |
− | | | | Committee for | Ouagadougou |
| |
− | | | | Economic Policy | |
| |
− | | | | | Telephone |
| |
− | | | | | number: 226 50 |
| |
− | | | | | 30 80 87/ 50 30 |
| |
− | | | | | 58 34 / 70 42 09 |
| |
− | | | | | 16 |
| |
− | | | | | |
| |
− | | | | | Fax: +226 50 30 |
| |
− | | | | | 80 84 |
| |
− | | | | | |
| |
− | | | | | E-mail: |
| |
− | | | | | da |
| |
− | | | | | sseyni\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | +---------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| |
− | | 5\. | Salifou NABELEMA | Head of Economic | BCEAO \[Banque |
| |
− | | | | Research | Centrale des |
| |
− | | | | | Etats de |
| |
− | | | | | l\'Afrique de |
| |
− | | | | | l\'Ouest, |
| |
− | | | | | Central Bank of |
| |
− | | | | | West African |
| |
− | | | | | States\] Ouaga, |
| |
− | | | | | 01 BP 356 Ouaga |
| |
− | | | | | 01 |
| |
− | | | | | |
| |
− | | | | | Telephone: +226 |
| |
− | | | | | 50 30 60 15 |
| |
− | | | | | |
| |
− | | | | | Fax: +226 50 31 |
| |
− | | | | | 01 22 |
| |
− | | | | | |
| |
− | | | | | E-mail: |
| |
− | | | | | snab |
| |
− | | | | | elema\@bceao.int |
| |
− | +---------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| |
− | | 6\. | Issaka NIANGAO | Engineer, | 01 BP 374 |
| |
− | | | | Statistician and | Ouagadougou |
| |
− | | | | Economist (INSD) | |
| |
− | | | | | Telephone: +226 |
| |
− | | | | | 50 32 42 60 |
| |
− | | | | | |
| |
− | | | | | Fax: +226 50 32 |
| |
− | | | | | 61 59 |
| |
− | | | | | |
| |
− | | | | | E-mail: |
| |
− | | | | | insdbf\@yahoo.fr |
| |
− | +---------+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| |
| | | |
− | **[Annex4]{.underline}**: T21 model
| |
| | | |
− | **DESCRIPTION OF THE T21 MODEL BY THE MILLENIUM INSTITUTE (WASHINGTON)**
| + | The elements described in the sections below give an idea of the action taken during formulation of the Burkina Faso NAP. The national circumstances of the country were taken into account when planning that action. The methodology for formulating an NAP includes four (4) steps or 'elements'. |
| | | |
− | The Threshold 21 model (T21) is a system dynamics tool designed to
| + | a) Laying the groundwork and addressing gaps |
− | support national development planning. It facilitates dynamic analysis
| + | The activities undertaken under this element, as set out in decision 5/CP.17 are designed to identify gaps and omissions in intervention frameworks and address them as necessary, to support the formulation of comprehensive adaptation plans, programmes and policies, through, inter alia: |
− | of the impact of different structural policies and changes on various
| |
− | key development indicators, and, on this basis, an integrated assessment
| |
− | incorporating the interrelationships between economic, social and
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− | environmental sectors in the medium and long term.
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− | The T21 model supports comprehensive and integrated analysis of
| + | * identification and assessment of institutional arrangements, > programmes, policies and capacities for overall coordination and > leadership; |
− | development challenges, such as poverty reduction, economic growth and
| + | * assessment of available information on climate change impacts, > vulnerability and adaptation, measures taken to address climate > change and gaps and needs, at the national and regional levels; |
− | the monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes adopted in
| + | * comprehensive iterative assessments of development needs and climate > vulnerabilities. |
− | response to these problems. The T21 model is particularly suitable for
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− | promoting the medium- and long-term analysis of development plans and
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− | the generation of projections for almost all the Millennium Development
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− | Goal (MDG) indicators.
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− | The Threshold 21 model (T21) is a system dynamics tool for integrated
| + | b) Preparatory elements |
− | and participatory development planning. This means that the model:
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| | | |
− | - incorporates economic, social and environmental factors; | + | In developing NAPs, consideration is given to identifying specific needs, options and priorities on a country-driven basis, utilising the services of national and, where appropriate, regional institutions, and to the effective and continued promotion of participatory and gender-sensitive approaches coordinated with sustainable development objectives, policies, plans and programmes. Activities may include the following: |
| | | |
− | - represents key complexities, including feedback relations,
| + | * design and development of plans, programmes and policies by > considering decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 14(a), to address the gaps > and needs referred to in paragraph 1 above; |
− | non-linearity and delay, which are vital for a proper understanding
| + | * assessments of medium- and long-term adaptation needs, and, as > appropriate, development needs and climate vulnerabilities; |
− | of development issues;
| + | * activities aimed at integrating climate change adaptation into > national and subnational development and sectoral planning; |
| + | * participatory stakeholder consultations; |
| + | * communication, awareness-raising and education. |
| | | |
− | - uses transparent structures, hypotheses, equations and data sources,
| + | c) Implementation strategies |
− | and acts as a participatory analysis tool for consensus in policy
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− | debates;
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| | | |
− | - is flexible enough to be tailored to different skilled users and
| + | Activities carried out as part of the implementation strategies take into consideration the following: |
− | specific national features;
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| | | |
− | - simulates alternative policy outcomes in the medium and long term;
| + | * prioritising work according to development needs and climate change > vulnerability and risk; |
| + | * strengthening institutional and regulatory frameworks to support > adaptation; |
| + | * training and coordination at the sectoral and subnational levels; |
| + | * public dissemination of information on the national adaptation plan > process, to be made available to the public and to the UNFCCC; |
| + | * considering other relevant multilateral frameworks and international > programmes and initiatives, with a view to building on and > complementing existing adaptation planning. |
| | | |
− | - facilitates comparisons with a basic scenario and supports advanced
| + | d) Reporting, monitoring and review |
− | analytical methods such as sensitivity analysis and optimisation.
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− | [^1]: Sectoral National Action Plan: Agriculture
| + | These activities, including national adaptation plan documents, can be included in national strategies and plans, as appropriate. |
| + | Under this element, Parties should undertake a regular review, at intervals that they determine: |
| | | |
− | [^2]: National Action Plan: Healthcare
| + | * to address inefficiencies, incorporating the results of new > assessments and emerging science and reflect lessons learned from > adaptation efforts; |
| + | * to monitor and review the efforts undertaken, and provide > information in their national communications on the progress made > and the effectiveness of the national adaptation plan process. |
| | | |
− | [^3]: National Action Plan: Healthcare
| + | An NAP is formulated in a participatory and inclusive approach, by holding a series of workshops to: (i) inform sectoral stakeholders about the NAP process; (ii) record their concerns for the purpose of formulating the NAP; (iii) obtain their approval of the draft NAP. |
| + | The NAP has been devised in two volumes: the main volume contains the main elements of the NAP and the sectoral NAPs which provide detailed information on climate change adaptation in the various development sectors referred to above. |
| | | |
− | [^4]: National Action Plan: Environment and Natural Resources
| + | This NAP document, which was developed between November 2012 and January 2015 contains four main sections: |
| | | |
− | [^5]: MEF, MEDD, UNDP 2011: Economic evaluation of the environment and
| + | 1) Preparatory phase, diagnostic analysis and conclusions from |
− | natural resources in Burkina Faso
| + | sectoral assessments |
| + | 2) National adaptation plan |
| + | 3) Implementation |
| + | 4) Monitoring/assessment |
| | | |
− | [^6]: *Extract from a glossary of climate-change-related terms and expressions, National Adaptation Programme Projects, 2012*
| + | == PART ONE: PREPARATORY PHASE, DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF SECTORAL ASSESSMENTS == |
− | =======================================================================================================================
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